protobuf: shorten test identifiers to satisfy merlint E320
Merlint caps identifiers at 4 underscores; CVE-numbered test names
with year + CVE-number + description crossed it. Drop the year
component, keep just the CVE number prefix:
test_cve_2015_5237_huge_length -> test_cve5237_huge_length
test_cve_2021_22569_many_small_groups -> test_cve22569_many_small
test_cve_2022_3171_group_wire_type_4 -> test_cve3171_group_wt4
...
Also trim:
test_unknowns_empty_when_schema_matches -> test_unknowns_empty_on_match
test_int32_negative_is_10_bytes -> test_int32_neg_10_bytes
Bodies and comments unchanged; CVE references stay in the docstring
comments so the provenance is still visible.
Merlint issue count drops from 57 to 25 (documentation nits remain).