scitt: extract proof helpers, narrow exception handlers
- Refactor proof.verify_mst (93 lines) into decode_blocks, run_mst_proof,
check_cose_leaf, verify_mst_inner helpers.
- Replace catch-all 'with _' in mst_parse and copy_block with
Invalid_argument | Failure to avoid hiding unexpected errors.
- Extract err_consistency_first helper for vds.ml E340 patterns.