forked from
anil.recoil.org/monopam-myspace
My aggregated monorepo of OCaml code, automaintained
Add OxCaml mode rendering investigation and design doc
Investigation identifies three discrepancies between odoc and toplevel
rendering of OxCaml modes/jkinds. Design doc covers fixes for redundant
jkind annotations and spurious return modes, plus a new --mode-links
flag for linking mode names to external documentation.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
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···
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# OxCaml Modes/Layouts Discrepancy Investigation
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**Date:** 2026-03-03
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**Status:** Complete — three bugs identified, recommendations below
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## Overview
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This investigation compares how odoc (the monorepo's custom build with OxCaml
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mode/layout support) and the OCaml toplevel render OxCaml type annotations.
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The test case is `Base.Uniform_array.compare__local`, derived by
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`ppx_compare` from `type ('a : value_or_null) t [@@deriving compare ~localize]`.
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## Source type
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The ppx generates (via `ocamlfind ocamlc -dsource`):
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```ocaml
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val compare__local :
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('a : value_or_null) .
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(local_ ('a : value_or_null) ->
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local_ ('a : value_or_null) -> int)
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->
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local_ ('a : value_or_null) t ->
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local_ ('a : value_or_null) t -> int
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```
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Key features of the generated type:
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- Explicit universal quantification: `('a : value_or_null) .`
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- Jkind annotation on every occurrence of `'a`: `('a : value_or_null)`
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- `local_` mode on function arguments
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## What the toplevel shows
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```
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- : ('a @ local -> 'a @ local -> int) ->
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'a Base.Uniform_array.t @ local -> 'a Base.Uniform_array.t @ local -> int
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```
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The toplevel (`Printtyp`):
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- Elides the `'a.` universal quantification (implicit for value types)
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- Elides the `('a : value_or_null)` jkind (inferred from usage in `'a t`)
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- Shows `@ local` only on arguments, not on inner return types
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- Renders `local_` as postfix `@ local`
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## What odoc shows
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```
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val compare__local :
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'a.
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(('a : value_or_null) @ local ->
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(('a : value_or_null) @ local -> int) @ local) ->
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('a : value_or_null) Test_derive.t @ local ->
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(('a : value_or_null) Test_derive.t @ local -> int) @ local
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```
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## Discrepancies
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### 1. Explicit `'a.` quantification — cosmetic, low priority
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**odoc:** Shows `'a. ...`
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**toplevel:** Omits it
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**Analysis:** odoc faithfully renders the `Tpoly` node from the CMI. The
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toplevel's `Printtyp` elides explicit quantification for non-method,
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non-GADT types because in standard OCaml, `val f : 'a -> 'a` and
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`val f : 'a. 'a -> 'a` are identical. In OxCaml, the `Tpoly` node carries
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jkind information, so the quantifier serves a purpose (constraining the
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variable's jkind). Both renderings are technically correct.
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**Verdict:** Acceptable difference. If anything, odoc could omit the `'a.`
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when all quantified variables have the default `value` jkind, matching the
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toplevel. But showing it is not wrong.
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### 2. Redundant `('a : value_or_null)` on every occurrence — **odoc bug**
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**odoc:** `('a : value_or_null)` on *every* use of `'a`
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**toplevel:** Just `'a` (jkind stated once at quantifier, if shown at all)
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**Root cause:** The ppx generates the jkind annotation at every occurrence of
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the type variable in the source AST. After type-checking, the `Tunivar` nodes
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in the CMI each carry the jkind. odoc's `extract_jkind_of_tvar` extracts the
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jkind from every `Tunivar`/`Tvar` node independently, causing redundant
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annotations.
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The toplevel's `Printtyp` states the jkind only at the binding site (the
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universal quantifier) and elides it at use sites.
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**Code location:** `odoc/src/loader/cmi.cppo.ml:614-617` — the `Tvar`
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branch applies `extract_jkind_of_tvar` unconditionally. It should only
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extract jkinds at the binding site (the `Tpoly` quantifier variables) or
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suppress duplicates.
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```ocaml
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(* Current code — annotates EVERY occurrence *)
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| Tvar { name; jkind } ->
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let nm = match name with Some n -> n | None -> name_of_type typ in
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if nm = "_" then Any
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else Var (nm, extract_jkind_of_tvar jkind)
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```
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**Fix options:**
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a. **Track quantifier-bound variables:** In the `Tpoly` branch, record which
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variables are being universally quantified, and only emit their jkinds in
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the `Poly(vars, ...)` rendering, not at each `Var` use site. This matches
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the toplevel's behaviour.
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b. **De-duplicate in the renderer:** In `generator.ml`, when rendering
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`Var(name, Some jkind)`, check whether the variable is already bound by an
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enclosing `Poly` and skip the jkind annotation if so.
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c. **Only show jkind at `Tunivar` (quantifier binding), not `Tvar` (use):**
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Currently both branches emit the jkind. The `Tvar` branch could always
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return `Var(nm, None)`, leaving jkind annotations to the `Tunivar` branch
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(line 678) only.
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**Recommendation:** Option (c) is simplest — change line 617 to
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`Var (nm, None)`, keeping the annotation only at `Tunivar` sites. But this
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must be paired with fixing the `Poly` rendering (discrepancy #1) to include
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the jkind on the binding variable, i.e. change `'a.` to `('a : jkind).`
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when a jkind is present.
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### 3. Spurious `@ local` on return types — **odoc bug**
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**odoc:** `(... -> int) @ local`
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**toplevel:** `... -> ... -> int` (no mode on inner return)
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**Analysis:** The OCaml type `Tarrow((lbl, marg, mret), arg, res, _)` has
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separate mode annotations for the argument (`marg`) and the return (`mret`).
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In OxCaml's mode system, a function `'a @ local -> int` means the argument
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has mode `local`, but this does NOT mean the entire arrow expression has mode
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`local`.
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odoc's `extract_arg_modes` extracts modes from both `marg` and `mret`. The
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renderer then places `mret` modes after the return type:
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```
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arg @ marg -> ret @ mret
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```
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But the toplevel's `Printtyp.tree_of_modes` only shows the modes that are
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semantically visible to the user. For a multi-argument function like
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`a @ local -> b @ local -> int`, the return mode of the first arrow is about
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the mode of the closure `b @ local -> int`, which is implicitly `local`
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because a `local` function returns a `local` closure. Showing this is
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redundant.
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**Code location:** `odoc/src/document/generator.ml:461-468` (and 493-499) —
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the `ret_modes` suffix is always rendered when non-empty.
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**Fix:** Apply the same elision rules as `Printtyp`. Specifically:
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- When the return type is itself an `Arrow`, the return mode is implied by
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the argument mode of the containing arrow, and should not be shown.
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- Only show return modes on the outermost arrow (the final return type),
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and only when they differ from the default.
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This requires checking whether `mret` is the "implied default" given the
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argument mode. The toplevel's `Printtyp.tree_of_modes` in OxCaml implements
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this logic.
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## Summary
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| # | Issue | Severity | Fix complexity |
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|---|-------|----------|---------------|
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| 1 | `'a.` explicit quantification shown | Low (cosmetic) | Easy — elide when jkind is default `value` |
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| 2 | `('a : value_or_null)` on every `'a` | **Medium (bug)** | Easy — stop extracting jkind from `Tvar` |
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| 3 | Spurious `@ local` on return types | **Medium (bug)** | Medium — replicate `Printtyp` elision logic |
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## Recommendation
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Issues #2 and #3 are bugs that should be fixed. Issue #1 is acceptable but
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could optionally be improved.
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For #2, the simplest fix is to change `cmi.cppo.ml:617` from
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`Var (nm, extract_jkind_of_tvar jkind)` to `Var (nm, None)`, and then update
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the `Poly` rendering in `generator.ml:522` to include jkind annotations from
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the `Tunivar` nodes at the quantifier binding site.
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For #3, the fix requires understanding OxCaml's mode elision rules. A
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pragmatic approach is to suppress return modes when the return type is itself
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an `Arrow` (since inner arrow return modes are always implied by the
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enclosing context). A more thorough fix would replicate the full
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`Printtyp.tree_of_modes` logic.
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Neither fix is urgent — the output is verbose but not incorrect. The types
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are semantically correct, just more annotated than what users expect.
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···
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# OxCaml Mode Rendering Fixes and Mode Links
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**Date:** 2026-03-03
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## Problem
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odoc's OxCaml mode/jkind rendering has two bugs and lacks a feature that
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would make mode annotations more useful in documentation.
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**Bug 1 — Redundant jkind annotations.** The ppx-derived type:
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```ocaml
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val compare__local :
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('a : value_or_null) .
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(local_ ('a : value_or_null) -> local_ ('a : value_or_null) -> int)
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-> local_ ('a : value_or_null) t -> local_ ('a : value_or_null) t -> int
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```
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renders in odoc with `('a : value_or_null)` at every occurrence of `'a`.
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The toplevel correctly shows the jkind only at the binding site.
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**Bug 2 — Spurious return modes.** For a multi-argument function with
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`@ local` arguments, odoc shows `@ local` on inner return types (the
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partial-application closures). These are always implied — a closure
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capturing a local value is necessarily local. The toplevel elides them.
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**Current odoc output:**
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```
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val compare__local :
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'a.
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(('a : value_or_null) @ local ->
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(('a : value_or_null) @ local -> int) @ local) ->
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('a : value_or_null) t @ local ->
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(('a : value_or_null) t @ local -> int) @ local
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```
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**Desired odoc output:**
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```
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val compare__local :
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('a : value_or_null).
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('a @ local -> 'a @ local -> int) ->
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'a t @ local -> 'a t @ local -> int
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```
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**Missing feature — mode links.** Mode names like `local`, `portable`,
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`value_or_null` are opaque to many readers. Linking them to external
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documentation would make odoc output more useful.
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## Design
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### Part 1: Rendering fixes (loader)
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Both fixes live in the loader (`cmi.cppo.ml`), which has access to the
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OxCaml `Mode` module for correct semantic decisions.
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#### Fix 1: Jkind deduplication
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**Principle:** Jkind annotations belong at the binding site (the universal
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quantifier), not at every use of the type variable.
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**Change in `cmi.cppo.ml`:** The `Tvar` branch (line ~614) currently calls
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`extract_jkind_of_tvar` on every type variable occurrence. Change it to
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always return `Var (nm, None)`. Jkind extraction remains only at the
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`Tunivar` branch (line ~678), which corresponds to quantifier binding sites.
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```ocaml
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(* Tvar: use site — no jkind annotation needed.
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The jkind is stated once at the Tunivar binding site
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in the enclosing Tpoly, matching Printtyp's behaviour. *)
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| Tvar { name; _ } ->
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let nm = match name with Some n -> n | None -> name_of_type typ in
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if nm = "_" then Any
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else Var (nm, None)
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```
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**Change in `lang.ml`:** The `Poly` variant needs to carry optional jkinds
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for the quantified variables:
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```ocaml
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(* Before *)
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| Poly of string list * t
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(* After — name * optional jkind, same as Var *)
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| Poly of (string * string option) list * t
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```
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**Change in loader `Tpoly` branch:** Extract jkinds from the quantified
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`Tunivar` nodes and include them in the `Poly` variant:
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```ocaml
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| Tpoly (typ, tyl) ->
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let tyl = List.map Compat.repr tyl in
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let vars = List.map (fun ty ->
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let name = name_of_type_repr ty in
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let jkind = match ty.desc with
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| Tunivar { jkind; _ } -> extract_jkind_of_tvar jkind
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| _ -> None
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in
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(name, jkind)) tyl
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in
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let typ = read_type_expr env typ in
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remove_names (List.map fst_repr tyl);
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Poly(vars, typ)
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```
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**Change in `generator.ml`:** Update `Poly` rendering (line ~522) from:
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```ocaml
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| Poly (polyvars, t) ->
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O.txt ("'" ^ String.concat ~sep:" '" polyvars ^ ". ") ++ type_expr t
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```
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to rendering each variable with its jkind when present:
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```ocaml
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| Poly (polyvars, t) ->
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let render_var (name, jkind) = match jkind with
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| None -> "'" ^ name
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| Some jk -> "('" ^ name ^ " : " ^ jk ^ ")"
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in
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O.txt (String.concat ~sep:" " (List.map render_var polyvars) ^ ". ")
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++ type_expr t
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```
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#### Fix 2: Return mode elision
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**Principle:** When a function's return type is itself an arrow, the return
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mode is implied by the argument mode (a closure capturing a local value is
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necessarily local). Suppress it to match Printtyp's behaviour.
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+
131
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**Change in `cmi.cppo.ml`:** In the `Tarrow` branch, check whether the
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return type is another `Tarrow`. If so, set `ret_modes` to `[]`:
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+
134
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```ocaml
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| Tarrow((lbl, marg, mret), arg, res, _) ->
136
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let arg_modes = extract_arg_modes marg in
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(* Suppress return modes when the return type is itself a function.
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The mode of a partial-application closure is always implied by the
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modes of its captured arguments — showing it is redundant.
140
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This matches the elision logic in Printtyp.tree_of_modes. *)
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let ret_modes = match Compat.get_desc res with
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| Tarrow _ -> []
143
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| _ -> extract_arg_modes mret
144
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in
145
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```
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+
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### Part 2: Mode links (`--mode-links`)
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+
149
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A new flag on `odoc html-generate` that makes mode and jkind names into
150
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hyperlinks to external documentation.
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+
152
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#### CLI
153
+
154
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```
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odoc html-generate --mode-links URI ...
156
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```
157
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158
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Where `URI` is a base URL. The mode name becomes the fragment:
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`local` → `URI#local`, `value_or_null` → `URI#value_or_null`. Fragment
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is the name exactly as rendered, no normalisation.
161
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When `--mode-links` is not provided, modes render as plain text (current
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+
behaviour minus the bugs fixed in Part 1).
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+
165
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#### Config
166
+
167
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Add `mode_links : string option` to `Config.t` in `config.ml` / `.mli`.
168
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This is a plain string (not `Types.uri`) because it's always an absolute
169
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external URL — no relative path resolution against the output directory.
170
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171
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```ocaml
172
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(* In config.ml, add to the record type: *)
173
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mode_links : string option;
174
+
175
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(* In v, add parameter: *)
176
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?mode_links:string ->
177
+
178
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(* Accessor: *)
179
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let mode_links config = config.mode_links
180
+
```
181
+
182
+
#### Cmdliner argument
183
+
184
+
In `main.ml`, add alongside the other URI arguments in `Odoc_html_args`:
185
+
186
+
```ocaml
187
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let mode_links =
188
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let doc =
189
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"Base URI for mode and jkind documentation links. Mode names become \
190
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the fragment, e.g. $(b,--mode-links https://example.com/modes) makes \
191
+
$(i,local) link to $(i,https://example.com/modes#local)."
192
+
in
193
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Arg.(value & opt (some string) None & info [ "mode-links" ] ~docv:"URI" ~doc)
194
+
```
195
+
196
+
Wire it through the `config` function to `Config.v`.
197
+
198
+
#### Rendering
199
+
200
+
In `generator.ml`, where modes are currently rendered as:
201
+
202
+
```ocaml
203
+
O.txt (String.concat ~sep:" " ms)
204
+
```
205
+
206
+
Change to render each mode individually. When `mode_links` is configured,
207
+
emit each mode as a linked element; otherwise emit as plain text.
208
+
209
+
The `@` / `@@` keyword stays unlinked — only mode names (`local`,
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+
`portable`) and jkind names (`value_or_null`, `float64`) become links.
211
+
212
+
#### HTML output
213
+
214
+
Links get a `mode-link` CSS class for optional styling:
215
+
216
+
```html
217
+
<span class="keyword">@</span> <a class="mode-link" href="https://example.com/modes#local">local</a>
218
+
```
219
+
220
+
Default styling inherits standard link appearance. Projects can customise
221
+
via `a.mode-link` in their CSS.
222
+
223
+
## Files changed
224
+
225
+
| File | Change |
226
+
|------|--------|
227
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| `odoc/src/model/lang.ml` | `Poly` variant carries `(string * string option) list` |
228
+
| `odoc/src/loader/cmi.cppo.ml` | Jkind dedup on `Tvar`, return mode elision on `Tarrow`, jkind extraction in `Tpoly` |
229
+
| `odoc/src/html/config.ml` + `.mli` | Add `mode_links` field |
230
+
| `odoc/src/odoc/bin/main.ml` | Add `--mode-links` cmdliner arg |
231
+
| `odoc/src/document/generator.ml` | Update `Poly` rendering, mode/jkind linking |
232
+
| `odoc/src/html/generator.ml` | Emit `<a class="mode-link">` for linked modes |
233
+
| `odoc/test/integration/oxcaml_modes.t/` | Update expected output |
234
+
235
+
## Not in scope
236
+
237
+
- Mode elision based on semantic implication rules beyond the structural
238
+
arrow check (e.g. "local implies unforkable"). The loader's existing
239
+
`extract_arg_modes` already handles per-axis elision; the structural
240
+
check added here covers the remaining case.
241
+
- Changes to `lang.ml` mode representation beyond the `Poly` variant.
242
+
Modes remain `string list`.
243
+
- Relative URI resolution for `--mode-links`. It's always absolute.