Linux kernel mirror (for testing)
git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git
kernel
os
linux
Merge branch 'thorsten' into docs-next
+379
-60
+131
-26
Documentation/admin-guide/tainted-kernels.rst
+131
-26
Documentation/admin-guide/tainted-kernels.rst
···
1
1
Tainted kernels
2
2
---------------
3
3
4
-
Some oops reports contain the string **'Tainted: '** after the program
5
-
counter. This indicates that the kernel has been tainted by some
6
-
mechanism. The string is followed by a series of position-sensitive
7
-
characters, each representing a particular tainted value.
4
+
The kernel will mark itself as 'tainted' when something occurs that might be
5
+
relevant later when investigating problems. Don't worry too much about this,
6
+
most of the time it's not a problem to run a tainted kernel; the information is
7
+
mainly of interest once someone wants to investigate some problem, as its real
8
+
cause might be the event that got the kernel tainted. That's why bug reports
9
+
from tainted kernels will often be ignored by developers, hence try to reproduce
10
+
problems with an untainted kernel.
8
11
9
-
1) ``G`` if all modules loaded have a GPL or compatible license, ``P`` if
12
+
Note the kernel will remain tainted even after you undo what caused the taint
13
+
(i.e. unload a proprietary kernel module), to indicate the kernel remains not
14
+
trustworthy. That's also why the kernel will print the tainted state when it
15
+
notices an internal problem (a 'kernel bug'), a recoverable error
16
+
('kernel oops') or a non-recoverable error ('kernel panic') and writes debug
17
+
information about this to the logs ``dmesg`` outputs. It's also possible to
18
+
check the tainted state at runtime through a file in ``/proc/``.
19
+
20
+
21
+
Tainted flag in bugs, oops or panics messages
22
+
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
23
+
24
+
You find the tainted state near the top in a line starting with 'CPU:'; if or
25
+
why the kernel was tainted is shown after the Process ID ('PID:') and a shortened
26
+
name of the command ('Comm:') that triggered the event::
27
+
28
+
BUG: unable to handle kernel NULL pointer dereference at 0000000000000000
29
+
Oops: 0002 [#1] SMP PTI
30
+
CPU: 0 PID: 4424 Comm: insmod Tainted: P W O 4.20.0-0.rc6.fc30 #1
31
+
Hardware name: Red Hat KVM, BIOS 0.5.1 01/01/2011
32
+
RIP: 0010:my_oops_init+0x13/0x1000 [kpanic]
33
+
[...]
34
+
35
+
You'll find a 'Not tainted: ' there if the kernel was not tainted at the
36
+
time of the event; if it was, then it will print 'Tainted: ' and characters
37
+
either letters or blanks. In above example it looks like this::
38
+
39
+
Tainted: P W O
40
+
41
+
The meaning of those characters is explained in the table below. In tis case
42
+
the kernel got tainted earlier because a proprietary Module (``P``) was loaded,
43
+
a warning occurred (``W``), and an externally-built module was loaded (``O``).
44
+
To decode other letters use the table below.
45
+
46
+
47
+
Decoding tainted state at runtime
48
+
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
49
+
50
+
At runtime, you can query the tainted state by reading
51
+
``cat /proc/sys/kernel/tainted``. If that returns ``0``, the kernel is not
52
+
tainted; any other number indicates the reasons why it is. The easiest way to
53
+
decode that number is the script ``tools/debugging/kernel-chktaint``, which your
54
+
distribution might ship as part of a package called ``linux-tools`` or
55
+
``kernel-tools``; if it doesn't you can download the script from
56
+
`git.kernel.org <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/plain/tools/debugging/kernel-chktaint>`_
57
+
and execute it with ``sh kernel-chktaint``, which would print something like
58
+
this on the machine that had the statements in the logs that were quoted earlier::
59
+
60
+
Kernel is Tainted for following reasons:
61
+
* Proprietary module was loaded (#0)
62
+
* Kernel issued warning (#9)
63
+
* Externally-built ('out-of-tree') module was loaded (#12)
64
+
See Documentation/admin-guide/tainted-kernels.rst in the the Linux kernel or
65
+
https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/admin-guide/tainted-kernels.html for
66
+
a more details explanation of the various taint flags.
67
+
Raw taint value as int/string: 4609/'P W O '
68
+
69
+
You can try to decode the number yourself. That's easy if there was only one
70
+
reason that got your kernel tainted, as in this case you can find the number
71
+
with the table below. If there were multiple reasons you need to decode the
72
+
number, as it is a bitfield, where each bit indicates the absence or presence of
73
+
a particular type of taint. It's best to leave that to the aforementioned
74
+
script, but if you need something quick you can use this shell command to check
75
+
which bits are set::
76
+
77
+
$ for i in $(seq 18); do echo $(($i-1)) $(($(cat /proc/sys/kernel/tainted)>>($i-1)&1));done
78
+
79
+
Table for decoding tainted state
80
+
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
81
+
82
+
=== === ====== ========================================================
83
+
Bit Log Number Reason that got the kernel tainted
84
+
=== === ====== ========================================================
85
+
0 G/P 1 proprietary module was loaded
86
+
1 _/F 2 module was force loaded
87
+
2 _/S 4 SMP kernel oops on an officially SMP incapable processor
88
+
3 _/R 8 module was force unloaded
89
+
4 _/M 16 processor reported a Machine Check Exception (MCE)
90
+
5 _/B 32 bad page referenced or some unexpected page flags
91
+
6 _/U 64 taint requested by userspace application
92
+
7 _/D 128 kernel died recently, i.e. there was an OOPS or BUG
93
+
8 _/A 256 ACPI table overridden by user
94
+
9 _/W 512 kernel issued warning
95
+
10 _/C 1024 staging driver was loaded
96
+
11 _/I 2048 workaround for bug in platform firmware applied
97
+
12 _/O 4096 externally-built ("out-of-tree") module was loaded
98
+
13 _/E 8192 unsigned module was loaded
99
+
14 _/L 16384 soft lockup occurred
100
+
15 _/K 32768 kernel has been live patched
101
+
16 _/X 65536 auxiliary taint, defined for and used by distros
102
+
17 _/T 131072 kernel was built with the struct randomization plugin
103
+
=== === ====== ========================================================
104
+
105
+
Note: The character ``_`` is representing a blank in this table to make reading
106
+
easier.
107
+
108
+
More detailed explanation for tainting
109
+
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
110
+
111
+
0) ``G`` if all modules loaded have a GPL or compatible license, ``P`` if
10
112
any proprietary module has been loaded. Modules without a
11
113
MODULE_LICENSE or with a MODULE_LICENSE that is not recognised by
12
114
insmod as GPL compatible are assumed to be proprietary.
13
115
14
-
2) ``F`` if any module was force loaded by ``insmod -f``, ``' '`` if all
116
+
1) ``F`` if any module was force loaded by ``insmod -f``, ``' '`` if all
15
117
modules were loaded normally.
16
118
17
-
3) ``S`` if the oops occurred on an SMP kernel running on hardware that
119
+
2) ``S`` if the oops occurred on an SMP kernel running on hardware that
18
120
hasn't been certified as safe to run multiprocessor.
19
121
Currently this occurs only on various Athlons that are not
20
122
SMP capable.
21
123
22
-
4) ``R`` if a module was force unloaded by ``rmmod -f``, ``' '`` if all
124
+
3) ``R`` if a module was force unloaded by ``rmmod -f``, ``' '`` if all
23
125
modules were unloaded normally.
24
126
25
-
5) ``M`` if any processor has reported a Machine Check Exception,
127
+
4) ``M`` if any processor has reported a Machine Check Exception,
26
128
``' '`` if no Machine Check Exceptions have occurred.
27
129
28
-
6) ``B`` if a page-release function has found a bad page reference or
29
-
some unexpected page flags.
130
+
5) ``B`` If a page-release function has found a bad page reference or some
131
+
unexpected page flags. This indicates a hardware problem or a kernel bug;
132
+
there should be other information in the log indicating why this tainting
133
+
occured.
30
134
31
-
7) ``U`` if a user or user application specifically requested that the
135
+
6) ``U`` if a user or user application specifically requested that the
32
136
Tainted flag be set, ``' '`` otherwise.
33
137
34
-
8) ``D`` if the kernel has died recently, i.e. there was an OOPS or BUG.
138
+
7) ``D`` if the kernel has died recently, i.e. there was an OOPS or BUG.
35
139
36
-
9) ``A`` if the ACPI table has been overridden.
140
+
8) ``A`` if an ACPI table has been overridden.
37
141
38
-
10) ``W`` if a warning has previously been issued by the kernel.
142
+
9) ``W`` if a warning has previously been issued by the kernel.
39
143
(Though some warnings may set more specific taint flags.)
40
144
41
-
11) ``C`` if a staging driver has been loaded.
145
+
10) ``C`` if a staging driver has been loaded.
42
146
43
-
12) ``I`` if the kernel is working around a severe bug in the platform
147
+
11) ``I`` if the kernel is working around a severe bug in the platform
44
148
firmware (BIOS or similar).
45
149
46
-
13) ``O`` if an externally-built ("out-of-tree") module has been loaded.
150
+
12) ``O`` if an externally-built ("out-of-tree") module has been loaded.
47
151
48
-
14) ``E`` if an unsigned module has been loaded in a kernel supporting
152
+
13) ``E`` if an unsigned module has been loaded in a kernel supporting
49
153
module signature.
50
154
51
-
15) ``L`` if a soft lockup has previously occurred on the system.
155
+
14) ``L`` if a soft lockup has previously occurred on the system.
52
156
53
-
16) ``K`` if the kernel has been live patched.
157
+
15) ``K`` if the kernel has been live patched.
54
158
55
-
The primary reason for the **'Tainted: '** string is to tell kernel
56
-
debuggers if this is a clean kernel or if anything unusual has
57
-
occurred. Tainting is permanent: even if an offending module is
58
-
unloaded, the tainted value remains to indicate that the kernel is not
59
-
trustworthy.
159
+
16) ``X`` Auxiliary taint, defined for and used by Linux distributors.
160
+
161
+
17) ``T`` Kernel was build with the randstruct plugin, which can intentionally
162
+
produce extremely unusual kernel structure layouts (even performance
163
+
pathological ones), which is important to know when debugging. Set at
164
+
build time.
+22
-28
Documentation/sysctl/kernel.txt
+22
-28
Documentation/sysctl/kernel.txt
···
94
94
- stop-a [ SPARC only ]
95
95
- sysrq ==> Documentation/admin-guide/sysrq.rst
96
96
- sysctl_writes_strict
97
-
- tainted
97
+
- tainted ==> Documentation/admin-guide/tainted-kernels.rst
98
98
- threads-max
99
99
- unknown_nmi_panic
100
100
- watchdog
···
1019
1019
1020
1020
1: kernel stack erasing is enabled (default), it is performed before
1021
1021
returning to the userspace at the end of syscalls.
1022
-
1023
1022
==============================================================
1024
1023
1025
-
tainted:
1024
+
tainted
1026
1025
1027
1026
Non-zero if the kernel has been tainted. Numeric values, which can be
1028
1027
ORed together. The letters are seen in "Tainted" line of Oops reports.
1029
1028
1030
-
1 (P): A module with a non-GPL license has been loaded, this
1031
-
includes modules with no license.
1032
-
Set by modutils >= 2.4.9 and module-init-tools.
1033
-
2 (F): A module was force loaded by insmod -f.
1034
-
Set by modutils >= 2.4.9 and module-init-tools.
1035
-
4 (S): Unsafe SMP processors: SMP with CPUs not designed for SMP.
1036
-
8 (R): A module was forcibly unloaded from the system by rmmod -f.
1037
-
16 (M): A hardware machine check error occurred on the system.
1038
-
32 (B): A bad page was discovered on the system.
1039
-
64 (U): The user has asked that the system be marked "tainted". This
1040
-
could be because they are running software that directly modifies
1041
-
the hardware, or for other reasons.
1042
-
128 (D): The system has died.
1043
-
256 (A): The ACPI DSDT has been overridden with one supplied by the user
1044
-
instead of using the one provided by the hardware.
1045
-
512 (W): A kernel warning has occurred.
1046
-
1024 (C): A module from drivers/staging was loaded.
1047
-
2048 (I): The system is working around a severe firmware bug.
1048
-
4096 (O): An out-of-tree module has been loaded.
1049
-
8192 (E): An unsigned module has been loaded in a kernel supporting module
1050
-
signature.
1051
-
16384 (L): A soft lockup has previously occurred on the system.
1052
-
32768 (K): The kernel has been live patched.
1053
-
65536 (X): Auxiliary taint, defined and used by for distros.
1054
-
131072 (T): The kernel was built with the struct randomization plugin.
1029
+
1 (P): proprietary module was loaded
1030
+
2 (F): module was force loaded
1031
+
4 (S): SMP kernel oops on an officially SMP incapable processor
1032
+
8 (R): module was force unloaded
1033
+
16 (M): processor reported a Machine Check Exception (MCE)
1034
+
32 (B): bad page referenced or some unexpected page flags
1035
+
64 (U): taint requested by userspace application
1036
+
128 (D): kernel died recently, i.e. there was an OOPS or BUG
1037
+
256 (A): an ACPI table was overridden by user
1038
+
512 (W): kernel issued warning
1039
+
1024 (C): staging driver was loaded
1040
+
2048 (I): workaround for bug in platform firmware applied
1041
+
4096 (O): externally-built ("out-of-tree") module was loaded
1042
+
8192 (E): unsigned module was loaded
1043
+
16384 (L): soft lockup occurred
1044
+
32768 (K): kernel has been live patched
1045
+
65536 (X): Auxiliary taint, defined and used by for distros
1046
+
131072 (T): The kernel was built with the struct randomization plugin
1047
+
1048
+
See Documentation/admin-guide/tainted-kernels.rst for more information.
1055
1049
1056
1050
==============================================================
1057
1051
+8
-6
tools/Makefile
+8
-6
tools/Makefile
···
12
12
@echo ' acpi - ACPI tools'
13
13
@echo ' cgroup - cgroup tools'
14
14
@echo ' cpupower - a tool for all things x86 CPU power'
15
+
@echo ' debugging - tools for debugging'
15
16
@echo ' firewire - the userspace part of nosy, an IEEE-1394 traffic sniffer'
16
17
@echo ' firmware - Firmware tools'
17
18
@echo ' freefall - laptop accelerometer program for disk protection'
···
62
61
cpupower: FORCE
63
62
$(call descend,power/$@)
64
63
65
-
cgroup firewire hv guest spi usb virtio vm bpf iio gpio objtool leds wmi pci firmware: FORCE
64
+
cgroup firewire hv guest spi usb virtio vm bpf iio gpio objtool leds wmi pci firmware debugging: FORCE
66
65
$(call descend,$@)
67
66
68
67
liblockdep: FORCE
···
97
96
all: acpi cgroup cpupower gpio hv firewire liblockdep \
98
97
perf selftests spi turbostat usb \
99
98
virtio vm bpf x86_energy_perf_policy \
100
-
tmon freefall iio objtool kvm_stat wmi pci
99
+
tmon freefall iio objtool kvm_stat wmi \
100
+
pci debugging
101
101
102
102
acpi_install:
103
103
$(call descend,power/$(@:_install=),install)
···
106
104
cpupower_install:
107
105
$(call descend,power/$(@:_install=),install)
108
106
109
-
cgroup_install firewire_install gpio_install hv_install iio_install perf_install spi_install usb_install virtio_install vm_install bpf_install objtool_install wmi_install pci_install:
107
+
cgroup_install firewire_install gpio_install hv_install iio_install perf_install spi_install usb_install virtio_install vm_install bpf_install objtool_install wmi_install pci_install debugging_install:
110
108
$(call descend,$(@:_install=),install)
111
109
112
110
liblockdep_install:
···
132
130
perf_install selftests_install turbostat_install usb_install \
133
131
virtio_install vm_install bpf_install x86_energy_perf_policy_install \
134
132
tmon_install freefall_install objtool_install kvm_stat_install \
135
-
wmi_install pci_install
133
+
wmi_install pci_install debugging_install
136
134
137
135
acpi_clean:
138
136
$(call descend,power/acpi,clean)
···
140
138
cpupower_clean:
141
139
$(call descend,power/cpupower,clean)
142
140
143
-
cgroup_clean hv_clean firewire_clean spi_clean usb_clean virtio_clean vm_clean wmi_clean bpf_clean iio_clean gpio_clean objtool_clean leds_clean pci_clean firmware_clean:
141
+
cgroup_clean hv_clean firewire_clean spi_clean usb_clean virtio_clean vm_clean wmi_clean bpf_clean iio_clean gpio_clean objtool_clean leds_clean pci_clean firmware_clean debugging_clean:
144
142
$(call descend,$(@:_clean=),clean)
145
143
146
144
liblockdep_clean:
···
178
176
perf_clean selftests_clean turbostat_clean spi_clean usb_clean virtio_clean \
179
177
vm_clean bpf_clean iio_clean x86_energy_perf_policy_clean tmon_clean \
180
178
freefall_clean build_clean libbpf_clean libsubcmd_clean liblockdep_clean \
181
-
gpio_clean objtool_clean leds_clean wmi_clean pci_clean firmware_clean
179
+
gpio_clean objtool_clean leds_clean wmi_clean pci_clean firmware_clean debugging_clean
182
180
183
181
.PHONY: FORCE
+16
tools/debugging/Makefile
+16
tools/debugging/Makefile
···
1
+
# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
2
+
# Makefile for debugging tools
3
+
4
+
PREFIX ?= /usr
5
+
BINDIR ?= bin
6
+
INSTALL ?= install
7
+
8
+
TARGET = kernel-chktaint
9
+
10
+
all: $(TARGET)
11
+
12
+
clean:
13
+
14
+
install: kernel-chktaint
15
+
$(INSTALL) -D -m 755 $(TARGET) $(DESTDIR)$(PREFIX)/$(BINDIR)/$(TARGET)
16
+
+202
tools/debugging/kernel-chktaint
+202
tools/debugging/kernel-chktaint
···
1
+
#! /bin/sh
2
+
# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
3
+
#
4
+
# Randy Dunlap <rdunlap@infradead.org>, 2018
5
+
# Thorsten Leemhuis <linux@leemhuis.info>, 2018
6
+
7
+
usage()
8
+
{
9
+
cat <<EOF
10
+
usage: ${0##*/}
11
+
${0##*/} <int>
12
+
13
+
Call without parameters to decode /proc/sys/kernel/tainted.
14
+
15
+
Call with a positive integer as parameter to decode a value you
16
+
retrieved from /proc/sys/kernel/tainted on another system.
17
+
18
+
EOF
19
+
}
20
+
21
+
if [ "$1"x != "x" ]; then
22
+
if [ "$1"x == "--helpx" ] || [ "$1"x == "-hx" ] ; then
23
+
usage
24
+
exit 1
25
+
elif [ $1 -ge 0 ] 2>/dev/null ; then
26
+
taint=$1
27
+
else
28
+
echo "Error: Parameter '$1' not a positive interger. Aborting." >&2
29
+
exit 1
30
+
fi
31
+
else
32
+
TAINTFILE="/proc/sys/kernel/tainted"
33
+
if [ ! -r $TAINTFILE ]; then
34
+
echo "No file: $TAINTFILE"
35
+
exit
36
+
fi
37
+
38
+
taint=`cat $TAINTFILE`
39
+
fi
40
+
41
+
if [ $taint -eq 0 ]; then
42
+
echo "Kernel not Tainted"
43
+
exit
44
+
else
45
+
echo "Kernel is \"tainted\" for the following reasons:"
46
+
fi
47
+
48
+
T=$taint
49
+
out=
50
+
51
+
addout() {
52
+
out=$out$1
53
+
}
54
+
55
+
if [ `expr $T % 2` -eq 0 ]; then
56
+
addout "G"
57
+
else
58
+
addout "P"
59
+
echo " * proprietary module was loaded (#0)"
60
+
fi
61
+
62
+
T=`expr $T / 2`
63
+
if [ `expr $T % 2` -eq 0 ]; then
64
+
addout " "
65
+
else
66
+
addout "F"
67
+
echo " * module was force loaded (#1)"
68
+
fi
69
+
70
+
T=`expr $T / 2`
71
+
if [ `expr $T % 2` -eq 0 ]; then
72
+
addout " "
73
+
else
74
+
addout "S"
75
+
echo " * SMP kernel oops on an officially SMP incapable processor (#2)"
76
+
fi
77
+
78
+
T=`expr $T / 2`
79
+
if [ `expr $T % 2` -eq 0 ]; then
80
+
addout " "
81
+
else
82
+
addout "R"
83
+
echo " * module was force unloaded (#3)"
84
+
fi
85
+
86
+
T=`expr $T / 2`
87
+
if [ `expr $T % 2` -eq 0 ]; then
88
+
addout " "
89
+
else
90
+
addout "M"
91
+
echo " * processor reported a Machine Check Exception (MCE) (#4)"
92
+
fi
93
+
94
+
T=`expr $T / 2`
95
+
if [ `expr $T % 2` -eq 0 ]; then
96
+
addout " "
97
+
else
98
+
addout "B"
99
+
echo " * bad page referenced or some unexpected page flags (#5)"
100
+
fi
101
+
102
+
T=`expr $T / 2`
103
+
if [ `expr $T % 2` -eq 0 ]; then
104
+
addout " "
105
+
else
106
+
addout "U"
107
+
echo " * taint requested by userspace application (#6)"
108
+
fi
109
+
110
+
T=`expr $T / 2`
111
+
if [ `expr $T % 2` -eq 0 ]; then
112
+
addout " "
113
+
else
114
+
addout "D"
115
+
echo " * kernel died recently, i.e. there was an OOPS or BUG (#7)"
116
+
fi
117
+
118
+
T=`expr $T / 2`
119
+
if [ `expr $T % 2` -eq 0 ]; then
120
+
addout " "
121
+
else
122
+
addout "A"
123
+
echo " * an ACPI table was overridden by user (#8)"
124
+
fi
125
+
126
+
T=`expr $T / 2`
127
+
if [ `expr $T % 2` -eq 0 ]; then
128
+
addout " "
129
+
else
130
+
addout "W"
131
+
echo " * kernel issued warning (#9)"
132
+
fi
133
+
134
+
T=`expr $T / 2`
135
+
if [ `expr $T % 2` -eq 0 ]; then
136
+
addout " "
137
+
else
138
+
addout "C"
139
+
echo " * staging driver was loaded (#10)"
140
+
fi
141
+
142
+
T=`expr $T / 2`
143
+
if [ `expr $T % 2` -eq 0 ]; then
144
+
addout " "
145
+
else
146
+
addout "I"
147
+
echo " * workaround for bug in platform firmware applied (#11)"
148
+
fi
149
+
150
+
T=`expr $T / 2`
151
+
if [ `expr $T % 2` -eq 0 ]; then
152
+
addout " "
153
+
else
154
+
addout "O"
155
+
echo " * externally-built ('out-of-tree') module was loaded (#12)"
156
+
fi
157
+
158
+
T=`expr $T / 2`
159
+
if [ `expr $T % 2` -eq 0 ]; then
160
+
addout " "
161
+
else
162
+
addout "E"
163
+
echo " * unsigned module was loaded (#13)"
164
+
fi
165
+
166
+
T=`expr $T / 2`
167
+
if [ `expr $T % 2` -eq 0 ]; then
168
+
addout " "
169
+
else
170
+
addout "L"
171
+
echo " * soft lockup occurred (#14)"
172
+
fi
173
+
174
+
T=`expr $T / 2`
175
+
if [ `expr $T % 2` -eq 0 ]; then
176
+
addout " "
177
+
else
178
+
addout "K"
179
+
echo " * kernel has been live patched (#15)"
180
+
fi
181
+
182
+
T=`expr $T / 2`
183
+
if [ `expr $T % 2` -eq 0 ]; then
184
+
addout " "
185
+
else
186
+
addout "X"
187
+
echo " * auxiliary taint, defined for and used by distros (#16)"
188
+
189
+
fi
190
+
T=`expr $T / 2`
191
+
if [ `expr $T % 2` -eq 0 ]; then
192
+
addout " "
193
+
else
194
+
addout "T"
195
+
echo " * kernel was built with the struct randomization plugin (#17)"
196
+
fi
197
+
198
+
echo "For a more detailed explanation of the various taint flags see"
199
+
echo " Documentation/admin-guide/tainted-kernels.rst in the the Linux kernel sources"
200
+
echo " or https://kernel.org/doc/html/latest/admin-guide/tainted-kernels.html"
201
+
echo "Raw taint value as int/string: $taint/'$out'"
202
+
#EOF#