Linux kernel ============ The Linux kernel is the core of any Linux operating system. It manages hardware, system resources, and provides the fundamental services for all other software. Quick Start ----------- * Report a bug: See Documentation/admin-guide/reporting-issues.rst * Get the latest kernel: https://kernel.org * Build the kernel: See Documentation/admin-guide/quickly-build-trimmed-linux.rst * Join the community: https://lore.kernel.org/ Essential Documentation ----------------------- All users should be familiar with: * Building requirements: Documentation/process/changes.rst * Code of Conduct: Documentation/process/code-of-conduct.rst * License: See COPYING Documentation can be built with make htmldocs or viewed online at: https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/ Who Are You? ============ Find your role below: * New Kernel Developer - Getting started with kernel development * Academic Researcher - Studying kernel internals and architecture * Security Expert - Hardening and vulnerability analysis * Backport/Maintenance Engineer - Maintaining stable kernels * System Administrator - Configuring and troubleshooting * Maintainer - Leading subsystems and reviewing patches * Hardware Vendor - Writing drivers for new hardware * Distribution Maintainer - Packaging kernels for distros * AI Coding Assistant - LLMs and AI-powered development tools For Specific Users ================== New Kernel Developer -------------------- Welcome! Start your kernel development journey here: * Getting Started: Documentation/process/development-process.rst * Your First Patch: Documentation/process/submitting-patches.rst * Coding Style: Documentation/process/coding-style.rst * Build System: Documentation/kbuild/index.rst * Development Tools: Documentation/dev-tools/index.rst * Kernel Hacking Guide: Documentation/kernel-hacking/hacking.rst * Core APIs: Documentation/core-api/index.rst Academic Researcher ------------------- Explore the kernel's architecture and internals: * Researcher Guidelines: Documentation/process/researcher-guidelines.rst * Memory Management: Documentation/mm/index.rst * Scheduler: Documentation/scheduler/index.rst * Networking Stack: Documentation/networking/index.rst * Filesystems: Documentation/filesystems/index.rst * RCU (Read-Copy Update): Documentation/RCU/index.rst * Locking Primitives: Documentation/locking/index.rst * Power Management: Documentation/power/index.rst Security Expert --------------- Security documentation and hardening guides: * Security Documentation: Documentation/security/index.rst * LSM Development: Documentation/security/lsm-development.rst * Self Protection: Documentation/security/self-protection.rst * Reporting Vulnerabilities: Documentation/process/security-bugs.rst * CVE Procedures: Documentation/process/cve.rst * Embargoed Hardware Issues: Documentation/process/embargoed-hardware-issues.rst * Security Features: Documentation/userspace-api/seccomp_filter.rst Backport/Maintenance Engineer ----------------------------- Maintain and stabilize kernel versions: * Stable Kernel Rules: Documentation/process/stable-kernel-rules.rst * Backporting Guide: Documentation/process/backporting.rst * Applying Patches: Documentation/process/applying-patches.rst * Subsystem Profile: Documentation/maintainer/maintainer-entry-profile.rst * Git for Maintainers: Documentation/maintainer/configure-git.rst System Administrator -------------------- Configure, tune, and troubleshoot Linux systems: * Admin Guide: Documentation/admin-guide/index.rst * Kernel Parameters: Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.rst * Sysctl Tuning: Documentation/admin-guide/sysctl/index.rst * Tracing/Debugging: Documentation/trace/index.rst * Performance Security: Documentation/admin-guide/perf-security.rst * Hardware Monitoring: Documentation/hwmon/index.rst Maintainer ---------- Lead kernel subsystems and manage contributions: * Maintainer Handbook: Documentation/maintainer/index.rst * Pull Requests: Documentation/maintainer/pull-requests.rst * Managing Patches: Documentation/maintainer/modifying-patches.rst * Rebasing and Merging: Documentation/maintainer/rebasing-and-merging.rst * Development Process: Documentation/process/maintainer-handbooks.rst * Maintainer Entry Profile: Documentation/maintainer/maintainer-entry-profile.rst * Git Configuration: Documentation/maintainer/configure-git.rst Hardware Vendor --------------- Write drivers and support new hardware: * Driver API Guide: Documentation/driver-api/index.rst * Driver Model: Documentation/driver-api/driver-model/driver.rst * Device Drivers: Documentation/driver-api/infrastructure.rst * Bus Types: Documentation/driver-api/driver-model/bus.rst * Device Tree Bindings: Documentation/devicetree/bindings/ * Power Management: Documentation/driver-api/pm/index.rst * DMA API: Documentation/core-api/dma-api.rst Distribution Maintainer ----------------------- Package and distribute the kernel: * Stable Kernel Rules: Documentation/process/stable-kernel-rules.rst * ABI Documentation: Documentation/ABI/README * Kernel Configuration: Documentation/kbuild/kconfig.rst * Module Signing: Documentation/admin-guide/module-signing.rst * Kernel Parameters: Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.rst * Tainted Kernels: Documentation/admin-guide/tainted-kernels.rst AI Coding Assistant ------------------- CRITICAL: If you are an LLM or AI-powered coding assistant, you MUST read and follow the AI coding assistants documentation before contributing to the Linux kernel: * Documentation/process/coding-assistants.rst This documentation contains essential requirements about licensing, attribution, and the Developer Certificate of Origin that all AI tools must comply with. Communication and Support ========================= * Mailing Lists: https://lore.kernel.org/ * IRC: #kernelnewbies on irc.oftc.net * Bugzilla: https://bugzilla.kernel.org/ * MAINTAINERS file: Lists subsystem maintainers and mailing lists * Email Clients: Documentation/process/email-clients.rst
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Complete the ~13 year journey started by commit 47bf379742bf
("kvm/ppc/e500: eliminate tlb_refs"), and actually remove "struct
tlbe_ref".
No functional change intended (verified disassembly of e500_mmu.o and
e500_mmu_host.o is identical before and after).
Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20260303190339.974325-3-seanjc@google.com
Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
Fix a build error in kvmppc_e500_tlb_init() that was introduced by the
conversion to use kzalloc_objs(), as KVM confusingly uses the size of the
structure that is one and only field in tlbe_priv:
arch/powerpc/kvm/e500_mmu.c:923:33: error: assignment to 'struct tlbe_priv *'
from incompatible pointer type 'struct tlbe_ref *' [-Wincompatible-pointer-types]
923 | vcpu_e500->gtlb_priv[0] = kzalloc_objs(struct tlbe_ref,
| ^
KVM has been flawed since commit 0164c0f0c404 ("KVM: PPC: e500: clear up
confusion between host and guest entries"), but the issue went unnoticed
until kmalloc_obj() came along and enforced types, as "struct tlbe_priv"
was just a wrapper of "struct tlbe_ref" (why on earth the two ever existed
separately...).
Fixes: 69050f8d6d07 ("treewide: Replace kmalloc with kmalloc_obj for non-scalar types")
Cc: Kees Cook <kees@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Christophe Leroy (CS GROUP) <chleroy@kernel.org>
Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20260303190339.974325-2-seanjc@google.com
Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
Increase 'maxnode' when using 'get_mempolicy' syscall in guest_memfd
mmap and NUMA policy tests to fix a failure on one Intel GNR platform.
On a CXL-capable platform, the memory affinity of CXL memory regions may
not be covered by the SRAT. Since each CXL memory region is enumerated
via a CFMWS table, at early boot the kernel parses all CFMWS tables to
detect all CXL memory regions and assigns a 'faked' NUMA node for each
of them, starting from the highest NUMA node ID enumerated via the SRAT.
This increases the 'nr_node_ids'. E.g., on the aforementioned Intel GNR
platform which has 4 NUMA nodes and 18 CFMWS tables, it increases to 22.
This results in the 'get_mempolicy' syscall failure on that platform,
because currently 'maxnode' is hard-coded to 8 but the 'get_mempolicy'
syscall requires the 'maxnode' to be not smaller than the 'nr_node_ids'.
Increase the 'maxnode' to the number of bits of 'nodemask', which is
'unsigned long', to fix this.
This may not cover all systems. Perhaps a better way is to always set
the 'nodemask' and 'maxnode' based on the actual maximum NUMA node ID on
the system, but for now just do the simple way.
Reported-by: Yi Lai <yi1.lai@intel.com>
Closes: https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=221014
Closes: https://lore.kernel.org/all/bug-221014-28872@https.bugzilla.kernel.org%2F
Signed-off-by: Kai Huang <kai.huang@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Yuan Yao <yaoyuan@linux.alibaba.com>
Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20260302205158.178058-1-kai.huang@intel.com
Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
KVM/arm64 fixes for 7.0, take #3
- Correctly handle deeactivation of out-of-LRs interrupts by
starting the EOIcount deactivation walk *after* the last irq
that made it into an LR. This avoids deactivating irqs that
are in the LRs and that the vcpu hasn't deactivated yet.
- Avoid calling into the stubs to probe for ICH_VTR_EL2.TDS when
pKVM is already enabled -- not only thhis isn't possible (pKVM
will reject the call), but it is also useless: this can only
happen for a CPU that has already booted once, and the capability
will not change.
KVM generic changes for 7.0
- Remove a subtle pseudo-overlay of kvm_stats_desc, which, aside from being
unnecessary and confusing, triggered compiler warnings due to
-Wflex-array-member-not-at-end.
- Document that vcpu->mutex is take outside of kvm->slots_lock and
kvm->slots_arch_lock, which is intentional and desirable despite being
rather unintuitive.
Hotplugging a CPU off and back on fails with pKVM, as we try to
probe for ICH_VTR_EL2.TDS. In a non-VHE setup, this is achieved
by using an EL2 stub helper. However, the stubs are out of reach
once pKVM has deprivileged the kernel. The CPU never boots.
Since pKVM doesn't allow late onlining of CPUs, we can detect
that protected mode is enforced early on, and return the current
state of the capability.
Fixes: 2a28810cbb8b2 ("KVM: arm64: GICv3: Detect and work around the lack of ICV_DIR_EL1 trapping")
Reported-by: Vincent Donnefort <vdonnefort@google.com>
Tested-by: Vincent Donnefort <vdonnefort@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Suzuki K Poulose <suzuki.poulose@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Marc Zyngier <maz@kernel.org>
Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20260310085433.3936742-1-maz@kernel.org
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
KVM/riscv fixes for 7.0, take #1
- Prevent speculative out-of-bounds access using array_index_nospec()
in APLIC interrupt handling, ONE_REG regiser access, AIA CSR access,
float register access, and PMU counter access
- Fix potential use-after-free issues in kvm_riscv_gstage_get_leaf(),
kvm_riscv_aia_aplic_has_attr(), and kvm_riscv_aia_imsic_has_attr()
- Fix potential null pointer dereference in kvm_riscv_vcpu_aia_rmw_topei()
- Fix off-by-one array access in SBI PMU
- Skip THP support check during dirty logging
- Fix error code returned for Smstateen and Ssaia ONE_REG interface
- Check host Ssaia extension when creating AIA irqchip
Explicitly document the ordering of vcpu->mutex being taken *outside* of
kvm->slots_lock. While somewhat unintuitive since vCPUs conceptually have
narrower scope than VMs, the scope of the owning object (vCPU versus VM)
doesn't automatically carry over to the lock. In this case, vcpu->mutex
has far broader scope than kvm->slots_lock. As Paolo put it, it's a
"don't worry about multiple ioctls at the same time" mutex that's intended
to be taken at the outer edges of KVM.
More importantly, arm64 and x86 have gained flows that take kvm->slots_lock
inside of vcpu->mutex. x86's kvm_inhibit_apic_access_page() is particularly
nasty, as slots_lock is taken quite deep within KVM_RUN, i.e. simply
swapping the ordering isn't an option.
Commit to the vcpu->mutex => kvm->slots_lock ordering, as vcpu->mutex
really is intended to be a "top-level" lock, whereas kvm->slots_lock is
"just" a helper lock.
Opportunistically document that vcpu->mutex is also taken outside of
slots_arch_lock, e.g. when allocating shadow roots on x86 (which is the
entire reason slots_arch_lock exists, as shadow roots must be allocated
while holding kvm->srcu)
kvm_mmu_new_pgd()
|
-> kvm_mmu_reload()
|
-> kvm_mmu_load()
|
-> mmu_alloc_shadow_roots()
|
-> mmu_first_shadow_root_alloc()
but also when manipulating memslots in vCPU context, e.g. when inhibiting
the APIC-access page via the aforementioned kvm_inhibit_apic_access_page()
kvm_inhibit_apic_access_page()
|
-> __x86_set_memory_region()
|
-> kvm_set_internal_memslot()
|
-> kvm_set_memory_region()
|
-> kvm_set_memslot()
Cc: Oliver Upton <oliver.upton@linux.dev>
Cc: Marc Zyngier <maz@kernel.org>
Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20260302170239.596810-1-seanjc@google.com
Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com>
Valentine reports that their guests fail to boot correctly, losing
interrupts, and indicates that the wrong interrupt gets deactivated.
What happens here is that if the maintenance interrupt is slow enough
to kick us out of the guest, extra interrupts can be activated from
the LRs. We then exit and proceed to handle EOIcount deactivations,
picking active interrupts from the AP list. But we start from the
top of the list, potentially deactivating interrupts that were in
the LRs, while EOIcount only denotes deactivation of interrupts that
are not present in an LR.
Solve this by tracking the last interrupt that made it in the LRs,
and start the EOIcount deactivation walk *after* that interrupt.
Since this only makes sense while the vcpu is loaded, stash this
in the per-CPU host state.
Huge thanks to Valentine for doing all the detective work and
providing an initial patch.
Fixes: 3cfd59f81e0f3 ("KVM: arm64: GICv3: Handle LR overflow when EOImode==0")
Fixes: 281c6c06e2a7b ("KVM: arm64: GICv2: Handle LR overflow when EOImode==0")
Reported-by: Valentine Burley <valentine.burley@collabora.com>
Tested-by: Valentine Burley <valentine.burley@collabora.com>
Signed-off-by: Marc Zyngier <maz@kernel.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20260307115955.369455-1-valentine.burley@collabora.com
Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20260307191151.3781182-1-maz@kernel.org
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
KVM/arm64 fixes for 7.0, take #2
- Fix a couple of low-severity bugs in our S2 fault handling path,
affecting the recently introduced LS64 handling and the even more
esoteric handling of hwpoison in a nested context
- Address yet another syzkaller finding in the vgic initialisation,
were we would end-up destroying an uninitialised vgic, with nasty
consequences
- Address an annoying case of pKVM failing to boot when some of the
memblock regions that the host is faulting in are not page-aligned
- Inject some sanity in the NV stage-2 walker by checking the limits
against the advertised PA size, and correctly report the resulting
faults
- Drop an unnecessary ISB when emulating an EL2 S1 address translation
The KVM user-space may create KVM AIA irqchip before checking
VCPU Ssaia extension availability so KVM AIA irqchip must fail
when host does not have Ssaia extension.
Fixes: 89d01306e34d ("RISC-V: KVM: Implement device interface for AIA irqchip")
Signed-off-by: Anup Patel <anup.patel@oss.qualcomm.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20260120080013.2153519-4-anup.patel@oss.qualcomm.com
Signed-off-by: Anup Patel <anup@brainfault.org>
Remove KVM's internal pseudo-overlay of kvm_stats_desc, which subtly
aliases the flexible name[] in the uAPI definition with a fixed-size array
of the same name. The unusual embedded structure results in compiler
warnings due to -Wflex-array-member-not-at-end, and also necessitates an
extra level of dereferencing in KVM. To avoid the "overlay", define the
uAPI structure to have a fixed-size name when building for the kernel.
Opportunistically clean up the indentation for the stats macros, and
replace spaces with tabs.
No functional change intended.
Reported-by: Gustavo A. R. Silva <gustavoars@kernel.org>
Closes: https://lore.kernel.org/all/aPfNKRpLfhmhYqfP@kspp
Acked-by: Marc Zyngier <maz@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Christian Borntraeger <borntraeger@linux.ibm.com>
[..]
Acked-by: Anup Patel <anup@brainfault.org>
Reviewed-by: Bibo Mao <maobibo@loongson.cn>
Acked-by: Gustavo A. R. Silva <gustavoars@kernel.org>
Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20251205232655.445294-1-seanjc@google.com
Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com>
We already have an ISB in __kvm_at() to make the address translation result
visible to subsequent reads of PAR_EL1. Remove the redundant one right
after it.
Signed-off-by: Zenghui Yu (Huawei) <zenghui.yu@linux.dev>
Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20260306074422.47694-1-zenghui.yu@linux.dev
Signed-off-by: Marc Zyngier <maz@kernel.org>
Return -ENOENT for Ssaia ONE_REG when Ssaia is not enabled
for a VCPU.
This will make Ssaia ONE_REG error codes consistent with
other ONE_REG interfaces of KVM RISC-V.
Fixes: 2a88f38cd58d ("RISC-V: KVM: return ENOENT in *_one_reg() when reg is unknown")
Signed-off-by: Anup Patel <anup.patel@oss.qualcomm.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20260120080013.2153519-3-anup.patel@oss.qualcomm.com
Signed-off-by: Anup Patel <anup@brainfault.org>
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