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---
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title: Linux Ubuntu freeze Firefox
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date: 2026-04-28
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draft: false
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description: 'How I fixed Ubuntu freezes caused by Firefox consuming all RAM by configuring swap, swappiness, earlyoom, and zswap.'
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isStarred: false
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toc: false
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---
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## The problem
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Third time it’s happened. I open a few tabs in Firefox, work for a couple of hours, and at some point, the system locks up completely. Nothing works, no mouse, no keyboard. The only option is to hold down the power button:
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```
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Out of memory: Killed process 154968 (Isolated Web Co)
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total-vm:8286172kB, anon-rss:5154148kB
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```
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**Firefox was eating 5GB of RAM.** A single "Isolated Web Co" process (which is basically a Firefox tab or content process).
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Using `last -x`, I saw the system had crashed at 11:12, and there were no OOM messages in the logs before the crash. This means the system froze so quickly that the OOM killer didn't have time to intervene.
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My config:
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- 16GB RAM
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- 4GB swap
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- swappiness at 60 (default)
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Too little swap, and when RAM fills up quickly, the kernel doesn't have time to kill processes before everything stalls.
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I looked around to understand how to better configure the system. Here are some useful things:
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### Swap size
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[Red Hat Documentation](https://docs.redhat.com/en/documentation/red_hat_enterprise_linux/8/html/managing_storage_devices/getting-started-with-swap_managing-storage-devices) and [TheLinuxCode](https://thelinuxcode.com/change_swap_size_ubuntu/) state that for systems with more than 8GB of RAM, you should have at least 4GB of swap, but if you experience memory pressure, it’s better to go with 8GB. I was exactly at 4GB, so I decided to increase it to 8GB.
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### Earlyoom
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Then I discovered [earlyoom](https://github.com/rfjakob/earlyoom). This is a daemon that monitors memory and kills processes *before* the system locks up. Unlike the kernel's OOM killer which intervenes when it's already too late, earlyoom acts when free memory drops below a certain threshold.
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[This article by OneUptime](https://oneuptime.com/blog/post/2026-03-02-how-to-use-earlyoom-for-proactive-oom-prevention-on-ubuntu/view) explains how to configure it for desktop, using the `--prefer` and `--avoid` options to decide what to kill and what to protect.
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### Zswap
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Finally, I found [zswap](https://chrisdown.name/2026/03/24/zswap-vs-zram-when-to-use-what.html). It is a compressed cache that sits between RAM and disk swap. When memory fills up, zswap compresses inactive pages instead of writing them immediately to disk. Compared to pure zram, zswap integrates better with existing disk swap and doesn't break hibernation.
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On [HowToGeek](https://www.howtogeek.com/even-if-you-have-16gb-of-ram-this-one-compressed-swap-trick-makes-linux-significantly-smoother/) there is a very clear explanation of why zswap helps even on systems with "enough" RAM.
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## Solutions applied
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### 1. Increased swap to 8GB
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```bash
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sudo swapoff -a
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sudo rm /swap.img
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sudo fallocate -l 8G /swap.img
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sudo chmod 600 /swap.img
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sudo mkswap /swap.img
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sudo swapon /swap.img
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```
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### 2. Set swappiness to 10
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This way, the kernel prefers using RAM and only uses swap when truly necessary:
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```bash
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echo "vm.swappiness=10" | sudo tee -a /etc/sysctl.conf
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sudo sysctl -p
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```
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### 3. Installed and configured earlyoom
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```bash
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sudo apt install -y earlyoom
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```
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Then `/etc/default/earlyoom`:
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```bash
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EARLYOOM_ARGS="-m 5 -s 5 -k -n \
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--prefer '(^|/)(firefox|chrome|chromium|electron|Isolated Web Co|Web Content)' \
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--avoid '(^|/)(gnome-shell|Xorg|Xwayland|systemd|sshd|gnome-session|gdm|dbus-daemon)'"
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```
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This tells earlyoom to:
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- Intervene when RAM or swap drops below 5%
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- Prefer killing Firefox, Chrome, Electron (the main culprits)
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- Protect gnome-shell, Xorg, and system processes
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### 4. Enabled zswap
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I modified `/etc/default/grub` adding these parameters to the kernel:
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```
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zswap.enabled=1 zswap.compressor=zstd zswap.max_pool_percent=25 zswap.zpool=z3fold
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```
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Then `sudo update-grub`.
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## How my system is configured now
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## Result
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Now if Firefox decides to eat 5GB of RAM for a runaway tab:
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1. zswap compresses inactive pages, gaining time
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2. If that's not enough, disk swap absorbs the hit
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3. If still not enough, earlyoom kills Firefox BEFORE the system freezes
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4. No freezes
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I’ve finished configuring everything and I’m writing this post. I hope it’s useful to someone having the same problem.
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---
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*Configuration tested on Ubuntu 24.04.4 LTS (Noble Numbat) with 2 x 8 GB DRAM DDR4 at 3200 MHz. Links lead to the sources I used to understand the setup.*
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---
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title: Linux Ubuntu freeze Firefox
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date: 2026-04-28
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draft: false
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description: 'Come ho risolto i freeze di Ubuntu causati da Firefox che mangiava tutta la RAM, configurando swap, swappiness, earlyoom e zswap.'
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isStarred: false
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toc: false
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---
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## Il problema
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Terza volta che succede. Apro un po' di tab su Firefox, lavoro un paio d'ore, e a un certo punto il sistema si inchioda completamente. Niente funziona, niente mouse, niente tastiera. L'unica è tenere premuto il power button:
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```
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Out of memory: Killed process 154968 (Isolated Web Co)
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total-vm:8286172kB, anon-rss:5154148kB
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```
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**Firefox si stava mangiando 5GB di RAM.** Un singolo processo "Isolated Web Co" (che poi è tipo un tab o un content process di Firefox)
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Con `last -x` ho anche visto che il sistema era crashato alle 11:12, e nei log non c'era nessun messaggio OOM prima del crash. Questo significa che il sistema si è congelato così velocemente che l'OOM killer non ha fatto in tempo a intervenire.
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La mia config:
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- 16GB di RAM
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- 4GB di swap
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- swappiness a 60 (default)
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Troppo poco swap, e quando la RAM si riempie velocemente il kernel non fa in tempo a uccidere i processi prima che tutto si blocchi.
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Ho cercato in giro per capire come configurare meglio il sistema. Ecco un po' di cose utili:
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### Swap size
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Su [Red Hat Documentation](https://docs.redhat.com/en/documentation/red_hat_enterprise_linux/8/html/managing_storage_devices/getting-started-with-swap_managing-storage-devices) e [TheLinuxCode](https://thelinuxcode.com/change_swap_size_ubuntu/) dicono che per sistemi con più di 8GB di RAM, devi avere almeno 4GB di swap, ma se hai problemi di memory pressure è meglio andare sui 8GB. Bene io ero proprio a 4GB, quindi ho deciso di aumentare a 8GB.
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### Earlyoom
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Poi ho scoperto [earlyoom](https://github.com/rfjakob/earlyoom). Questo è un daemon che monitora la memoria e uccide i processi *prima* che il sistema si blocchi. A differenza dell'OOM killer del kernel che interviene quando è già troppo tardi, earlyoom agisce quando la memoria libera scende sotto una certa soglia.
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Su [questo articolo di OneUptime](https://oneuptime.com/blog/post/2026-03-02-how-to-use-earlyoom-for-proactive-oom-prevention-on-ubuntu/view) spiegano come configurarlo per desktop, con le opzioni `--prefer` e `--avoid` per decidere cosa uccidere e cosa proteggere.
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Infine ho trovato [zswap](https://chrisdown.name/2026/03/24/zswap-vs-zram-when-to-use-what.html). È tipo una cache compressa che sta tra la RAM e lo swap su disco. Quando la memoria si riempie, zswap comprime le pagine inattive invece di scriverle subito su disco. Rispetto a zram puro, zswap si integra meglio con lo swap su disco esistente e non rompe l'ibernazione.
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Su [HowToGeek](https://www.howtogeek.com/even-if-you-have-16gb-of-ram-this-one-compressed-swap-trick-makes-linux-significantly-smoother/) c'è una spiegazione molto chiara del perché zswap aiuta anche su sistemi con "abbastanza" RAM.
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## Le soluzioni che ho applicato
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### 1. Aumentato lo swap a 8GB
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```bash
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sudo swapoff -a
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sudo rm /swap.img
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sudo fallocate -l 8G /swap.img
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sudo chmod 600 /swap.img
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sudo mkswap /swap.img
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sudo swapon /swap.img
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```
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### 2. Impostato swappiness a 10
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Così il kernel preferisce usare la RAM e usa lo swap solo quando serve davvero:
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```bash
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echo "vm.swappiness=10" | sudo tee -a /etc/sysctl.conf
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sudo sysctl -p
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```
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### 3. Installato e configurato earlyoom
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```bash
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sudo apt install -y earlyoom
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```
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Poi `/etc/default/earlyoom`:
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```bash
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EARLYOOM_ARGS="-m 5 -s 5 -k -n \
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--prefer '(^|/)(firefox|chrome|chromium|electron|Isolated Web Co|Web Content)' \
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--avoid '(^|/)(gnome-shell|Xorg|Xwayland|systemd|sshd|gnome-session|gdm|dbus-daemon)'"
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```
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Questo dice a earlyoom di:
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- Intervenire quando RAM o swap scendono sotto il 5%
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- Preferire uccidere Firefox, Chrome, Electron (i colpevoli principali)
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- Proteggere gnome-shell, Xorg e i processi di sistema
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### 4. Abilitato zswap
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Ho modificato `/etc/default/grub` aggiungendo questi parametri al kernel:
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```
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zswap.enabled=1 zswap.compressor=zstd zswap.max_pool_percent=25 zswap.zpool=z3fold
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```
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Poi `sudo update-grub` e via.
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## Come è configurato ora il mio sistema
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## Risultato
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Ora se Firefox decide di mangiarsi 5GB di RAM per un tab impazzito:
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1. zswap comprime le pagine inattive, guadagnando tempo
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2. Se non basta, il disk swap assorbe il colpo
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3. Se ancora non basta, earlyoom uccide Firefox PRIMA che il sistema si blocchi
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4. Niente freeze
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Ho finito di configurare tutto e sto scrivendo questo post. Spero sia utile a qualcuno che ha lo stesso problema.
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---
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*Configurazione testata su Ubuntu 24.04.4 LTS (Noble Numbat) con 2 x 8 GB DRAM DDR4 a 3200 MHz. I link sono alle fonti che ho usato per capire come configurare il tutto.*
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description = "Coding most of the time. Flâneur as a life style. Software developer for work. Software developer for passion. From Italy"
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name = "Good Sleep, Good Learning"
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23
23
+1
-1
index.xml
+1
-1
index.xml
···
5
5
<link>https://vittoriogioda.com/</link>
6
6
<description>Recent content in Home on Vittorio Gioda</description>
7
7
<generator>Hugo -- gohugo.io</generator>
8
-
<language>en-gb</language>
8
+
<language>en-us</language>
9
9
<lastBuildDate>Thu, 26 Feb 2026 21:52:11 +0100</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://vittoriogioda.com/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
10
10
<item>
11
11
<title>Writing posts</title>
+69
layouts/partials/header.html
+69
layouts/partials/header.html
···
1
+
<div class="navbar" role="navigation">
2
+
<nav class="menu" aria-label="Main Navigation">
3
+
<div></div>
4
+
<input type="checkbox" id="menu-trigger" class="menu-trigger" />
5
+
<label for="menu-trigger">
6
+
<span class="menu-icon">
7
+
{{ partial "svgs/menu.svg" (dict "height" 25 "width" 25) . }}
8
+
</span>
9
+
</label>
10
+
11
+
<div class="trigger">
12
+
<ul class="trigger-container">
13
+
{{ $currentPage := . }}
14
+
{{ range .Site.Menus.main }}
15
+
<li>
16
+
<a class="menu-link {{ if or ($currentPage.IsMenuCurrent "main" .)
17
+
($currentPage.HasMenuCurrent "main" .) }}active{{ end }}" href="{{ .URL }}">
18
+
{{ .Name }}
19
+
</a>
20
+
{{ if .HasChildren }}
21
+
<ul>
22
+
{{ range .Children }}
23
+
<li>
24
+
<a class="menu-link {{ if $currentPage.IsMenuCurrent "main" . }}active{{ end }}"
25
+
href="{{ .URL }}">
26
+
{{ .Name }}
27
+
</a>
28
+
</li>
29
+
{{ end }}
30
+
</ul>
31
+
{{ end }}
32
+
</li>
33
+
{{ end }}
34
+
<li class="menu-separator">
35
+
<span>|</span>
36
+
</li>
37
+
{{ if and .IsTranslated (eq .Kind "page") }}
38
+
<li>
39
+
<select aria-label="Select Language" class="lang-list" id="select-language" onchange="location = this.value;">
40
+
{{ $siteLanguages := .Site.Languages}}
41
+
{{ $pageLang := .Page.Lang}}
42
+
{{ range .Page.AllTranslations }}
43
+
{{ $translation := .}}
44
+
{{ range $siteLanguages }}
45
+
{{ if eq $translation.Lang .Lang }}
46
+
{{ $selected := false }}
47
+
{{ if eq $pageLang .Lang}}
48
+
<option id="{{ $translation.Language }}" value="{{ $translation.Permalink }}" selected>{{ .LanguageCode | upper }}
49
+
</option>
50
+
{{ else }}
51
+
<option id="{{ $translation.Language }}" value="{{ $translation.Permalink }}">{{ .LanguageCode | upper }}</option>
52
+
{{ end }}
53
+
{{ end }}
54
+
{{ end }}
55
+
{{ end }}
56
+
</select>
57
+
</li>
58
+
<li class="menu-separator">
59
+
<span>|</span>
60
+
</li>
61
+
{{ end }}
62
+
</ul>
63
+
<a id="mode" href="#">
64
+
{{ partial "svgs/sun.svg" (dict "height" 21 "width" 21 "class" "mode-sunny" "title" "LIGHT") . }}
65
+
{{ partial "svgs/sun.svg" (dict "height" 21 "width" 21 "class" "mode-moon" "title" "DARK") . }}
66
+
</a>
67
+
</div>
68
+
</nav>
69
+
</div>
+4
-4
pages/index.html
+4
-4
pages/index.html
···
1
1
<!DOCTYPE html>
2
-
<html lang="en-gb"><head><meta charset="utf-8">
2
+
<html lang="en-us"><head><meta charset="utf-8">
3
3
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html">
4
4
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
5
5
···
15
15
<meta property="og:description" content="Coding most of the time. Flâneur as a life style. Software developer for work. Software developer for passion. From Italy" />
16
16
<meta name="twitter:description" content="Coding most of the time. Flâneur as a life style. Software developer for work. Software developer for passion. From Italy" />
17
17
18
-
<meta property="og:locale" content="en-gb" />
19
-
<meta name="language" content="en-gb" />
18
+
<meta property="og:locale" content="en-us" />
19
+
<meta name="language" content="en-us" />
20
20
21
-
<link rel="alternate" hreflang="en-gb" href="https://vittoriogioda.com/pages/" title="English" />
21
+
<link rel="alternate" hreflang="en-us" href="https://vittoriogioda.com/pages/" title="English" />
22
22
23
23
24
24
+1
-1
pages/index.xml
+1
-1
pages/index.xml
···
5
5
<link>https://vittoriogioda.com/pages/</link>
6
6
<description>Recent content in Pages on Vittorio Gioda</description>
7
7
<generator>Hugo -- gohugo.io</generator>
8
-
<language>en-gb</language><atom:link href="https://vittoriogioda.com/pages/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
8
+
<language>en-us</language><atom:link href="https://vittoriogioda.com/pages/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
9
9
</channel>
10
10
</rss>
+4
-4
posts/index.html
+4
-4
posts/index.html
···
1
1
<!DOCTYPE html>
2
-
<html lang="en-gb"><head><meta charset="utf-8">
2
+
<html lang="en-us"><head><meta charset="utf-8">
3
3
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html">
4
4
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
5
5
···
15
15
<meta property="og:description" content="Coding most of the time. Flâneur as a life style. Software developer for work. Software developer for passion. From Italy" />
16
16
<meta name="twitter:description" content="Coding most of the time. Flâneur as a life style. Software developer for work. Software developer for passion. From Italy" />
17
17
18
-
<meta property="og:locale" content="en-gb" />
19
-
<meta name="language" content="en-gb" />
18
+
<meta property="og:locale" content="en-us" />
19
+
<meta name="language" content="en-us" />
20
20
21
-
<link rel="alternate" hreflang="en-gb" href="https://vittoriogioda.com/posts/" title="English" />
21
+
<link rel="alternate" hreflang="en-us" href="https://vittoriogioda.com/posts/" title="English" />
22
22
23
23
24
24
+1
-1
posts/index.xml
+1
-1
posts/index.xml
···
5
5
<link>https://vittoriogioda.com/posts/</link>
6
6
<description>Recent content in Posts on Vittorio Gioda</description>
7
7
<generator>Hugo -- gohugo.io</generator>
8
-
<language>en-gb</language>
8
+
<language>en-us</language>
9
9
<lastBuildDate>Thu, 26 Feb 2026 21:52:11 +0100</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://vittoriogioda.com/posts/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
10
10
<item>
11
11
<title>Writing posts</title>
+1
-1
posts/page/1/index.html
+1
-1
posts/page/1/index.html
+4
-4
posts/test-post/index.html
+4
-4
posts/test-post/index.html
···
1
1
<!DOCTYPE html>
2
-
<html lang="en-gb"><head><meta charset="utf-8">
2
+
<html lang="en-us"><head><meta charset="utf-8">
3
3
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html">
4
4
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
5
5
···
15
15
<meta property="og:description" content="Description is incredible" />
16
16
<meta name="twitter:description" content="Description is incredible" />
17
17
18
-
<meta property="og:locale" content="en-gb" />
19
-
<meta name="language" content="en-gb" />
18
+
<meta property="og:locale" content="en-us" />
19
+
<meta name="language" content="en-us" />
20
20
21
-
<link rel="alternate" hreflang="en-gb" href="https://vittoriogioda.com/posts/test-post/" title="English" />
21
+
<link rel="alternate" hreflang="en-us" href="https://vittoriogioda.com/posts/test-post/" title="English" />
22
22
23
23
24
24
+7
-6
public/404.html
+7
-6
public/404.html
···
1
1
<!DOCTYPE html>
2
-
<html lang="en-gb"><head><meta charset="utf-8">
2
+
<html lang="en"><head><meta charset="utf-8">
3
3
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html">
4
4
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
5
5
···
15
15
<meta property="og:description" content="Coding most of the time. Flâneur as a life style. Software developer for work. Software developer for passion. From Italy" />
16
16
<meta name="twitter:description" content="Coding most of the time. Flâneur as a life style. Software developer for work. Software developer for passion. From Italy" />
17
17
18
-
<meta property="og:locale" content="en-gb" />
19
-
<meta name="language" content="en-gb" />
18
+
<meta property="og:locale" content="en" />
19
+
<meta name="language" content="en" />
20
20
21
-
<link rel="alternate" hreflang="en-gb" href="https://vittoriogioda.com/404.html" title="English" />
21
+
<link rel="alternate" hreflang="en-us" href="https://vittoriogioda.com/404.html" title="English" />
22
+
23
+
<link rel="alternate" hreflang="it" href="https://vittoriogioda.com/it/404.html" title="Italiano" />
22
24
23
25
24
26
···
43
45
44
46
45
47
<link rel="canonical" href="https://vittoriogioda.com/404.html">
46
-
<link href="/style.min.35b6534987e8960a1694fa69ba4f66aea014b26acc060337899cb460fe402efe.css" rel="stylesheet">
48
+
<link href="/style.min.77c2fe8c6bdd79edf8aa9f22e68680c60c293f0cee7f19200b3488b1fa77e553.css" rel="stylesheet">
47
49
<link href="/code-highlight.min.706d31975fec544a864cb7f0d847a73ea55ca1df91bf495fd12a177138d807cf.css" rel="stylesheet">
48
50
49
51
···
119
121
<li class="menu-separator">
120
122
<span>|</span>
121
123
</li>
122
-
123
124
124
125
</ul>
125
126
<a id="mode" href="#">
+7
-6
public/categories/index.html
+7
-6
public/categories/index.html
···
1
1
<!DOCTYPE html>
2
-
<html lang="en-gb"><head><meta charset="utf-8">
2
+
<html lang="en"><head><meta charset="utf-8">
3
3
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html">
4
4
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
5
5
···
15
15
<meta property="og:description" content="Coding most of the time. Flâneur as a life style. Software developer for work. Software developer for passion. From Italy" />
16
16
<meta name="twitter:description" content="Coding most of the time. Flâneur as a life style. Software developer for work. Software developer for passion. From Italy" />
17
17
18
-
<meta property="og:locale" content="en-gb" />
19
-
<meta name="language" content="en-gb" />
18
+
<meta property="og:locale" content="en" />
19
+
<meta name="language" content="en" />
20
20
21
-
<link rel="alternate" hreflang="en-gb" href="https://vittoriogioda.com/categories/" title="English" />
21
+
<link rel="alternate" hreflang="en-us" href="https://vittoriogioda.com/categories/" title="English" />
22
+
23
+
<link rel="alternate" hreflang="it" href="https://vittoriogioda.com/it/categories/" title="Italiano" />
22
24
23
25
24
26
···
45
47
<link rel="canonical" href="https://vittoriogioda.com/categories/">
46
48
<link href="/categories/index.xml" rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Vittorio Gioda">
47
49
<link href="/categories/index.xml" rel="feed" type="application/rss+xml" title="Vittorio Gioda">
48
-
<link href="/style.min.35b6534987e8960a1694fa69ba4f66aea014b26acc060337899cb460fe402efe.css" rel="stylesheet">
50
+
<link href="/style.min.77c2fe8c6bdd79edf8aa9f22e68680c60c293f0cee7f19200b3488b1fa77e553.css" rel="stylesheet">
49
51
<link href="/code-highlight.min.706d31975fec544a864cb7f0d847a73ea55ca1df91bf495fd12a177138d807cf.css" rel="stylesheet">
50
52
51
53
···
121
123
<li class="menu-separator">
122
124
<span>|</span>
123
125
</li>
124
-
125
126
126
127
</ul>
127
128
<a id="mode" href="#">
+1
-1
public/categories/index.xml
+1
-1
public/categories/index.xml
···
5
5
<link>https://vittoriogioda.com/categories/</link>
6
6
<description>Recent content in Categories on Vittorio Gioda</description>
7
7
<generator>Hugo -- gohugo.io</generator>
8
-
<language>en-gb</language><atom:link href="https://vittoriogioda.com/categories/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
8
+
<language>en</language><atom:link href="https://vittoriogioda.com/categories/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
9
9
</channel>
10
10
</rss>
+5
-6
public/collection/index.html
+5
-6
public/collection/index.html
···
1
1
<!DOCTYPE html>
2
-
<html lang="en-gb"><head><meta charset="utf-8">
2
+
<html lang="en"><head><meta charset="utf-8">
3
3
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html">
4
4
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
5
5
···
15
15
<meta property="og:description" content="Coding most of the time. Flâneur as a life style. Software developer for work. Software developer for passion. From Italy" />
16
16
<meta name="twitter:description" content="Coding most of the time. Flâneur as a life style. Software developer for work. Software developer for passion. From Italy" />
17
17
18
-
<meta property="og:locale" content="en-gb" />
19
-
<meta name="language" content="en-gb" />
18
+
<meta property="og:locale" content="en" />
19
+
<meta name="language" content="en" />
20
20
21
-
<link rel="alternate" hreflang="en-gb" href="https://vittoriogioda.com/collection/" title="English" />
21
+
<link rel="alternate" hreflang="en-us" href="https://vittoriogioda.com/collection/" title="English" />
22
22
23
23
24
24
···
45
45
<link rel="canonical" href="https://vittoriogioda.com/collection/">
46
46
<link href="/collection/index.xml" rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Vittorio Gioda">
47
47
<link href="/collection/index.xml" rel="feed" type="application/rss+xml" title="Vittorio Gioda">
48
-
<link href="/style.min.35b6534987e8960a1694fa69ba4f66aea014b26acc060337899cb460fe402efe.css" rel="stylesheet">
48
+
<link href="/style.min.77c2fe8c6bdd79edf8aa9f22e68680c60c293f0cee7f19200b3488b1fa77e553.css" rel="stylesheet">
49
49
<link href="/code-highlight.min.706d31975fec544a864cb7f0d847a73ea55ca1df91bf495fd12a177138d807cf.css" rel="stylesheet">
50
50
51
51
···
121
121
<li class="menu-separator">
122
122
<span>|</span>
123
123
</li>
124
-
125
124
126
125
</ul>
127
126
<a id="mode" href="#">
+1
-1
public/collection/index.xml
+1
-1
public/collection/index.xml
···
5
5
<link>https://vittoriogioda.com/collection/</link>
6
6
<description>Recent content in Collection on Vittorio Gioda</description>
7
7
<generator>Hugo -- gohugo.io</generator>
8
-
<language>en-gb</language><atom:link href="https://vittoriogioda.com/collection/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
8
+
<language>en</language><atom:link href="https://vittoriogioda.com/collection/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
9
9
</channel>
10
10
</rss>
+4
-4
public/collections/index.html
+4
-4
public/collections/index.html
···
1
1
<!DOCTYPE html>
2
-
<html lang="en-gb"><head><script src="/livereload.js?mindelay=10&v=2&port=1313&path=livereload" data-no-instant defer></script><meta charset="utf-8">
2
+
<html lang="en-us"><head><script src="/livereload.js?mindelay=10&v=2&port=1313&path=livereload" data-no-instant defer></script><meta charset="utf-8">
3
3
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html">
4
4
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
5
5
···
15
15
<meta property="og:description" content="Coding most of the time. Flâneur as a life style. Software developer for work. Software developer for passion. From Italy" />
16
16
<meta name="twitter:description" content="Coding most of the time. Flâneur as a life style. Software developer for work. Software developer for passion. From Italy" />
17
17
18
-
<meta property="og:locale" content="en-gb" />
19
-
<meta name="language" content="en-gb" />
18
+
<meta property="og:locale" content="en-us" />
19
+
<meta name="language" content="en-us" />
20
20
21
-
<link rel="alternate" hreflang="en-gb" href="http://localhost:1313/collections/" title="English" />
21
+
<link rel="alternate" hreflang="en-us" href="http://localhost:1313/collections/" title="English" />
22
22
23
23
24
24
+1
-1
public/collections/index.xml
+1
-1
public/collections/index.xml
···
5
5
<link>http://localhost:1313/collections/</link>
6
6
<description>Recent content in Collection on Vittorio Gioda</description>
7
7
<generator>Hugo -- gohugo.io</generator>
8
-
<language>en-gb</language><atom:link href="http://localhost:1313/collections/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
8
+
<language>en-us</language><atom:link href="http://localhost:1313/collections/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
9
9
</channel>
10
10
</rss>
+5
-6
public/cv/index.html
+5
-6
public/cv/index.html
···
1
1
<!DOCTYPE html>
2
-
<html lang="en-gb"><head><meta charset="utf-8">
2
+
<html lang="en"><head><meta charset="utf-8">
3
3
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html">
4
4
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
5
5
···
15
15
<meta property="og:description" content="Coding most of the time. Flâneur as a life style. Software developer for work. Software developer for passion. From Italy" />
16
16
<meta name="twitter:description" content="Coding most of the time. Flâneur as a life style. Software developer for work. Software developer for passion. From Italy" />
17
17
18
-
<meta property="og:locale" content="en-gb" />
19
-
<meta name="language" content="en-gb" />
18
+
<meta property="og:locale" content="en" />
19
+
<meta name="language" content="en" />
20
20
21
-
<link rel="alternate" hreflang="en-gb" href="https://vittoriogioda.com/cv/" title="English" />
21
+
<link rel="alternate" hreflang="en-us" href="https://vittoriogioda.com/cv/" title="English" />
22
22
23
23
24
24
···
51
51
52
52
53
53
<link rel="canonical" href="https://vittoriogioda.com/cv/">
54
-
<link href="/style.min.35b6534987e8960a1694fa69ba4f66aea014b26acc060337899cb460fe402efe.css" rel="stylesheet">
54
+
<link href="/style.min.77c2fe8c6bdd79edf8aa9f22e68680c60c293f0cee7f19200b3488b1fa77e553.css" rel="stylesheet">
55
55
<link href="/code-highlight.min.706d31975fec544a864cb7f0d847a73ea55ca1df91bf495fd12a177138d807cf.css" rel="stylesheet">
56
56
57
57
···
127
127
<li class="menu-separator">
128
128
<span>|</span>
129
129
</li>
130
-
131
130
132
131
</ul>
133
132
<a id="mode" href="#">
+10
public/en-gb/index.html
+10
public/en-gb/index.html
···
1
+
<!DOCTYPE html>
2
+
<html lang="en-us">
3
+
<head>
4
+
<title>http://localhost:1313/</title>
5
+
<link rel="canonical" href="http://localhost:1313/">
6
+
<meta name="robots" content="noindex">
7
+
<meta charset="utf-8">
8
+
<meta http-equiv="refresh" content="0; url=http://localhost:1313/">
9
+
</head>
10
+
</html>
+72
public/en-gb/sitemap.xml
+72
public/en-gb/sitemap.xml
···
1
+
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?>
2
+
<urlset xmlns="http://www.sitemaps.org/schemas/sitemap/0.9"
3
+
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
4
+
<url>
5
+
<loc>http://localhost:1313/</loc>
6
+
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public/en-us/index.html
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public/en-us/sitemap.xml
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public/index.html
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···
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···
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···
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<span>|</span>
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<article class="post-item">
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<h4 class="post-item-title">
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<a href="/posts/test-post/">Writing posts</a>
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<a href="/posts/linux-out-of-memory/">Linux Ubuntu freeze Firefox</a>
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<time class="post-item-meta" datetime="2026-02-26T21:52:11+0100">
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26 Feb 2026
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28 Apr 2026
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+8
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public/index.xml
+8
-8
public/index.xml
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5
5
<link>https://vittoriogioda.com/</link>
6
6
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7
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<description>The problem Third time it’s happened. I open a few tabs in Firefox, work for a couple of hours, and at some point, the system locks up completely. Nothing works, no mouse, no keyboard. The only option is to hold down the power button:
18
+
Out of memory: Killed process 154968 (Isolated Web Co) total-vm:8286172kB, anon-rss:5154148kB Firefox was eating 5GB of RAM. A single &ldquo;Isolated Web Co&rdquo; process (which is basically a Firefox tab or content process).</description>
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+197
public/it/404.html
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public/it/404.html
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Out of memory: Killed process 154968 (Isolated Web Co) total-vm:8286172kB, anon-rss:5154148kB Firefox si stava mangiando 5GB di RAM. Un singolo processo &ldquo;Isolated Web Co&rdquo; (che poi è tipo un tab o un content process di Firefox)</description>
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<a href="/it/posts/linux-out-of-memory/">Linux Ubuntu freeze Firefox</a>
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28 apr 2026
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<description>Il problema Terza volta che succede. Apro un po&rsquo; di tab su Firefox, lavoro un paio d&rsquo;ore, e a un certo punto il sistema si inchioda completamente. Niente funziona, niente mouse, niente tastiera. L&rsquo;unica è tenere premuto il power button:
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Out of memory: Killed process 154968 (Isolated Web Co) total-vm:8286172kB, anon-rss:5154148kB Firefox si stava mangiando 5GB di RAM. Un singolo processo &ldquo;Isolated Web Co&rdquo; (che poi è tipo un tab o un content process di Firefox)</description>
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<h1 class="header-title">Linux Ubuntu freeze Firefox</h1>
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<div class="post-meta">
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<time datetime="2026-04-28T00:00:00+00:00" itemprop="datePublished"> 28 apr 2026 </time>
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<h2 id="il-problema">Il problema</h2>
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<p>Terza volta che succede. Apro un po’ di tab su Firefox, lavoro un paio d’ore, e a un certo punto il sistema si inchioda completamente. Niente funziona, niente mouse, niente tastiera. L’unica è tenere premuto il power button:</p>
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<pre tabindex="0"><code>Out of memory: Killed process 154968 (Isolated Web Co)
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total-vm:8286172kB, anon-rss:5154148kB
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</code></pre><p><strong>Firefox si stava mangiando 5GB di RAM.</strong> Un singolo processo “Isolated Web Co” (che poi è tipo un tab o un content process di Firefox)</p>
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<p>Con <code>last -x</code> ho anche visto che il sistema era crashato alle 11:12, e nei log non c’era nessun messaggio OOM prima del crash. Questo significa che il sistema si è congelato così velocemente che l’OOM killer non ha fatto in tempo a intervenire.</p>
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<p>La mia config:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>16GB di RAM</li>
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<li>4GB di swap</li>
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<li>swappiness a 60 (default)</li>
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</ul>
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<p>Troppo poco swap, e quando la RAM si riempie velocemente il kernel non fa in tempo a uccidere i processi prima che tutto si blocchi.</p>
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<p>Ho cercato in giro per capire come configurare meglio il sistema. Ecco un po’ di cose utili:</p>
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<h3 id="swap-size">Swap size</h3>
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<p>Su <a href="https://docs.redhat.com/en/documentation/red_hat_enterprise_linux/8/html/managing_storage_devices/getting-started-with-swap_managing-storage-devices">Red Hat Documentation</a> e <a href="https://thelinuxcode.com/change_swap_size_ubuntu/">TheLinuxCode</a> dicono che per sistemi con più di 8GB di RAM, devi avere almeno 4GB di swap, ma se hai problemi di memory pressure è meglio andare sui 8GB. Bene io ero proprio a 4GB, quindi ho deciso di aumentare a 8GB.</p>
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<h3 id="earlyoom">Earlyoom</h3>
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<p>Poi ho scoperto <a href="https://github.com/rfjakob/earlyoom">earlyoom</a>. Questo è un daemon che monitora la memoria e uccide i processi <em>prima</em> che il sistema si blocchi. A differenza dell’OOM killer del kernel che interviene quando è già troppo tardi, earlyoom agisce quando la memoria libera scende sotto una certa soglia.</p>
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<p>Su <a href="https://oneuptime.com/blog/post/2026-03-02-how-to-use-earlyoom-for-proactive-oom-prevention-on-ubuntu/view">questo articolo di OneUptime</a> spiegano come configurarlo per desktop, con le opzioni <code>--prefer</code> e <code>--avoid</code> per decidere cosa uccidere e cosa proteggere.</p>
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<p>Infine ho trovato <a href="https://chrisdown.name/2026/03/24/zswap-vs-zram-when-to-use-what.html">zswap</a>. È tipo una cache compressa che sta tra la RAM e lo swap su disco. Quando la memoria si riempie, zswap comprime le pagine inattive invece di scriverle subito su disco. Rispetto a zram puro, zswap si integra meglio con lo swap su disco esistente e non rompe l’ibernazione.</p>
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<p>Su <a href="https://www.howtogeek.com/even-if-you-have-16gb-of-ram-this-one-compressed-swap-trick-makes-linux-significantly-smoother/">HowToGeek</a> c’è una spiegazione molto chiara del perché zswap aiuta anche su sistemi con “abbastanza” RAM.</p>
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<h2 id="le-soluzioni-che-ho-applicato">Le soluzioni che ho applicato</h2>
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<h3 id="1-aumentato-lo-swap-a-8gb">1. Aumentato lo swap a 8GB</h3>
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<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span class="line"><span class="cl">sudo swapoff -a
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</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">sudo rm /swap.img
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</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">sudo fallocate -l 8G /swap.img
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</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">sudo chmod <span class="m">600</span> /swap.img
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</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">sudo mkswap /swap.img
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</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">sudo swapon /swap.img
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</span></span></code></pre></div><h3 id="2-impostato-swappiness-a-10">2. Impostato swappiness a 10</h3>
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<p>Così il kernel preferisce usare la RAM e usa lo swap solo quando serve davvero:</p>
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<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="nb">echo</span> <span class="s2">"vm.swappiness=10"</span> <span class="p">|</span> sudo tee -a /etc/sysctl.conf
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</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">sudo sysctl -p
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</span></span></code></pre></div><h3 id="3-installato-e-configurato-earlyoom">3. Installato e configurato earlyoom</h3>
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<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span class="line"><span class="cl">sudo apt install -y earlyoom
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</span></span></code></pre></div><p>Poi <code>/etc/default/earlyoom</code>:</p>
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<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="nv">EARLYOOM_ARGS</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"-m 5 -s 5 -k -n \
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</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="s2"> --prefer '(^|/)(firefox|chrome|chromium|electron|Isolated Web Co|Web Content)' \
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</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="s2"> --avoid '(^|/)(gnome-shell|Xorg|Xwayland|systemd|sshd|gnome-session|gdm|dbus-daemon)'"</span>
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</span></span></code></pre></div><p>Questo dice a earlyoom di:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>Intervenire quando RAM o swap scendono sotto il 5%</li>
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<li>Preferire uccidere Firefox, Chrome, Electron (i colpevoli principali)</li>
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<li>Proteggere gnome-shell, Xorg e i processi di sistema</li>
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</ul>
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<h3 id="4-abilitato-zswap">4. Abilitato zswap</h3>
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<p>Ho modificato <code>/etc/default/grub</code> aggiungendo questi parametri al kernel:</p>
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<pre tabindex="0"><code>zswap.enabled=1 zswap.compressor=zstd zswap.max_pool_percent=25 zswap.zpool=z3fold
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</code></pre><p>Poi <code>sudo update-grub</code> e via.</p>
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<h2 id="come-è-configurato-ora-il-mio-sistema">Come è configurato ora il mio sistema</h2>
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<p><img alt="Draw" src="/it/posts/linux-out-of-memory/draw.png"></p>
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<h2 id="risultato">Risultato</h2>
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<p>Ora se Firefox decide di mangiarsi 5GB di RAM per un tab impazzito:</p>
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<ol>
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<li>zswap comprime le pagine inattive, guadagnando tempo</li>
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<li>Se non basta, il disk swap assorbe il colpo</li>
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<li>Se ancora non basta, earlyoom uccide Firefox PRIMA che il sistema si blocchi</li>
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<li>Niente freeze</li>
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</ol>
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<p>Ho finito di configurare tutto e sto scrivendo questo post. Spero sia utile a qualcuno che ha lo stesso problema.</p>
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<hr>
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<p><em>Configurazione testata su Ubuntu 24.04.4 LTS (Noble Numbat) con 2 x 8 GB DRAM DDR4 a 3200 MHz. I link sono alle fonti che ho usato per capire come configurare il tutto.</em></p>
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<main class="page-content" aria-label="Content">
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<article>
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<header class="header">
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<h1 class="header-title">Linux Ubuntu freeze Firefox</h1>
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<div class="post-meta">
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<time datetime="2026-04-28T00:00:00+00:00" itemprop="datePublished"> 28 Apr 2026 </time>
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</div>
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</header>
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<div class="page-content">
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<h2 id="il-problema">Il problema</h2>
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<p>Terza volta che succede. Apro un po’ di tab su Firefox, lavoro un paio d’ore, e a un certo punto il sistema si inchioda completamente. Niente funziona, niente mouse, niente tastiera. L’unica è tenere premuto il power button:</p>
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<pre tabindex="0"><code>Out of memory: Killed process 154968 (Isolated Web Co)
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total-vm:8286172kB, anon-rss:5154148kB
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</code></pre><p><strong>Firefox si stava mangiando 5GB di RAM.</strong> Un singolo processo “Isolated Web Co” (che poi è tipo un tab o un content process di Firefox)</p>
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<p>Con <code>last -x</code> ho anche visto che il sistema era crashato alle 11:12, e nei log non c’era nessun messaggio OOM prima del crash. Questo significa che il sistema si è congelato così velocemente che l’OOM killer non ha fatto in tempo a intervenire.</p>
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<p>La mia config:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>16GB di RAM</li>
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<li>4GB di swap</li>
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<li>swappiness a 60 (default)</li>
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</ul>
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<p>Troppo poco swap, e quando la RAM si riempie velocemente il kernel non fa in tempo a uccidere i processi prima che tutto si blocchi.</p>
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<p>Ho cercato in giro per capire come configurare meglio il sistema. Ecco un po’ di cose utili:</p>
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<h3 id="swap-size">Swap size</h3>
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<p>Su <a href="https://docs.redhat.com/en/documentation/red_hat_enterprise_linux/8/html/managing_storage_devices/getting-started-with-swap_managing-storage-devices">Red Hat Documentation</a> e <a href="https://thelinuxcode.com/change_swap_size_ubuntu/">TheLinuxCode</a> dicono che per sistemi con più di 8GB di RAM, devi avere almeno 4GB di swap, ma se hai problemi di memory pressure è meglio andare sui 8GB. Bene io ero proprio a 4GB, quindi ho deciso di aumentare a 8GB.</p>
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<h3 id="earlyoom">Earlyoom</h3>
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<p>Poi ho scoperto <a href="https://github.com/rfjakob/earlyoom">earlyoom</a>. Questo è un daemon che monitora la memoria e uccide i processi <em>prima</em> che il sistema si blocchi. A differenza dell’OOM killer del kernel che interviene quando è già troppo tardi, earlyoom agisce quando la memoria libera scende sotto una certa soglia.</p>
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<p>Su <a href="https://oneuptime.com/blog/post/2026-03-02-how-to-use-earlyoom-for-proactive-oom-prevention-on-ubuntu/view">questo articolo di OneUptime</a> spiegano come configurarlo per desktop, con le opzioni <code>--prefer</code> e <code>--avoid</code> per decidere cosa uccidere e cosa proteggere.</p>
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<p>Infine ho trovato <a href="https://chrisdown.name/2026/03/24/zswap-vs-zram-when-to-use-what.html">zswap</a>. È tipo una cache compressa che sta tra la RAM e lo swap su disco. Quando la memoria si riempie, zswap comprime le pagine inattive invece di scriverle subito su disco. Rispetto a zram puro, zswap si integra meglio con lo swap su disco esistente e non rompe l’ibernazione.</p>
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<p>Su <a href="https://www.howtogeek.com/even-if-you-have-16gb-of-ram-this-one-compressed-swap-trick-makes-linux-significantly-smoother/">HowToGeek</a> c’è una spiegazione molto chiara del perché zswap aiuta anche su sistemi con “abbastanza” RAM.</p>
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<h2 id="le-soluzioni-che-ho-applicato">Le soluzioni che ho applicato</h2>
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<h3 id="1-aumentato-lo-swap-a-8gb">1. Aumentato lo swap a 8GB</h3>
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<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span class="line"><span class="cl">sudo swapoff -a
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</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">sudo rm /swap.img
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</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">sudo fallocate -l 8G /swap.img
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</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">sudo chmod <span class="m">600</span> /swap.img
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</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">sudo mkswap /swap.img
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</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">sudo swapon /swap.img
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</span></span></code></pre></div><h3 id="2-impostato-swappiness-a-10">2. Impostato swappiness a 10</h3>
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<p>Così il kernel preferisce usare la RAM e usa lo swap solo quando serve davvero:</p>
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<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="nb">echo</span> <span class="s2">"vm.swappiness=10"</span> <span class="p">|</span> sudo tee -a /etc/sysctl.conf
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</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">sudo sysctl -p
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</span></span></code></pre></div><h3 id="3-installato-e-configurato-earlyoom">3. Installato e configurato earlyoom</h3>
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<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span class="line"><span class="cl">sudo apt install -y earlyoom
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</span></span></code></pre></div><p>Poi <code>/etc/default/earlyoom</code>:</p>
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<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="nv">EARLYOOM_ARGS</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"-m 5 -s 5 -k -n \
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</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="s2"> --prefer '(^|/)(firefox|chrome|chromium|electron|Isolated Web Co|Web Content)' \
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</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="s2"> --avoid '(^|/)(gnome-shell|Xorg|Xwayland|systemd|sshd|gnome-session|gdm|dbus-daemon)'"</span>
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</span></span></code></pre></div><p>Questo dice a earlyoom di:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>Intervenire quando RAM o swap scendono sotto il 5%</li>
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<li>Preferire uccidere Firefox, Chrome, Electron (i colpevoli principali)</li>
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<li>Proteggere gnome-shell, Xorg e i processi di sistema</li>
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</ul>
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<h3 id="4-abilitato-zswap">4. Abilitato zswap</h3>
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<p>Ho modificato <code>/etc/default/grub</code> aggiungendo questi parametri al kernel:</p>
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<pre tabindex="0"><code>zswap.enabled=1 zswap.compressor=zstd zswap.max_pool_percent=25 zswap.zpool=z3fold
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</code></pre><p>Poi <code>sudo update-grub</code> e via.</p>
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<h2 id="come-è-configurato-ora-il-mio-sistema">Come è configurato ora il mio sistema</h2>
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<pre tabindex="0"><code>┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
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│ 16GB RAM │
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│ ↓ │
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│ ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │
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│ │ zswap (25% pool, compressione zstd) │ │
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│ │ ~4GB → ~10GB effettivi con compressione 2.5x │ │
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│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ │
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│ ↓ │
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│ ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │
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│ │ Disk Swap 8GB (fallback) │ │
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│ │ swappiness=10 (usato solo se necessario) │ │
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│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ │
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│ ↓ │
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│ ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │
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│ │ earlyoom │ │
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│ │ Interviene a 5% RAM libera │ │
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│ │ Preferisce: firefox, chrome, electron │ │
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│ │ Protegge: gnome-shell, Xorg, systemd │ │
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│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ │
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└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
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</code></pre><h2 id="risultato">Risultato</h2>
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<p>Ora se Firefox decide di mangiarsi 5GB di RAM per un tab impazzito:</p>
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<ol>
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<li>zswap comprime le pagine inattive, guadagnando tempo</li>
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<li>Se non basta, il disk swap assorbe il colpo</li>
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<li>Se ancora non basta, earlyoom uccide Firefox PRIMA che il sistema si blocchi</li>
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<li>Niente freeze</li>
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</ol>
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<p>Ho finito di configurare tutto e sto scrivendo questo post. Spero sia utile a qualcuno che ha lo stesso problema.</p>
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<hr>
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<p><em>Configurazione testata su Ubuntu 24.04.4 LTS (Noble Numbat) con 2 x 8 GB DRAM DDR4 a 3200 MHz. I link sono alle fonti che ho usato per capire come configurare il tutto.</em></p>
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Out of memory: Killed process 154968 (Isolated Web Co) total-vm:8286172kB, anon-rss:5154148kB Firefox was eating 5GB of RAM. A single &ldquo;Isolated Web Co&rdquo; process (which is basically a Firefox tab or content process).</description>
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<h1 class="header-title">Linux Ubuntu freeze Firefox</h1>
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<time datetime="2026-04-28T00:00:00+00:00" itemprop="datePublished"> Apr 28, 2026 </time>
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<h2 id="the-problem">The problem</h2>
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<p>Third time it’s happened. I open a few tabs in Firefox, work for a couple of hours, and at some point, the system locks up completely. Nothing works, no mouse, no keyboard. The only option is to hold down the power button:</p>
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<pre tabindex="0"><code>Out of memory: Killed process 154968 (Isolated Web Co)
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total-vm:8286172kB, anon-rss:5154148kB
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</code></pre><p><strong>Firefox was eating 5GB of RAM.</strong> A single “Isolated Web Co” process (which is basically a Firefox tab or content process).</p>
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<p>Using <code>last -x</code>, I saw the system had crashed at 11:12, and there were no OOM messages in the logs before the crash. This means the system froze so quickly that the OOM killer didn’t have time to intervene.</p>
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<p>My config:</p>
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<p>Too little swap, and when RAM fills up quickly, the kernel doesn’t have time to kill processes before everything stalls.</p>
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<p>I looked around to understand how to better configure the system. Here are some useful things:</p>
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<h3 id="swap-size">Swap size</h3>
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<p><a href="https://docs.redhat.com/en/documentation/red_hat_enterprise_linux/8/html/managing_storage_devices/getting-started-with-swap_managing-storage-devices">Red Hat Documentation</a> and <a href="https://thelinuxcode.com/change_swap_size_ubuntu/">TheLinuxCode</a> state that for systems with more than 8GB of RAM, you should have at least 4GB of swap, but if you experience memory pressure, it’s better to go with 8GB. I was exactly at 4GB, so I decided to increase it to 8GB.</p>
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<h3 id="earlyoom">Earlyoom</h3>
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<p>Then I discovered <a href="https://github.com/rfjakob/earlyoom">earlyoom</a>. This is a daemon that monitors memory and kills processes <em>before</em> the system locks up. Unlike the kernel’s OOM killer which intervenes when it’s already too late, earlyoom acts when free memory drops below a certain threshold.</p>
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<p><a href="https://oneuptime.com/blog/post/2026-03-02-how-to-use-earlyoom-for-proactive-oom-prevention-on-ubuntu/view">This article by OneUptime</a> explains how to configure it for desktop, using the <code>--prefer</code> and <code>--avoid</code> options to decide what to kill and what to protect.</p>
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<h3 id="zswap">Zswap</h3>
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<p>Finally, I found <a href="https://chrisdown.name/2026/03/24/zswap-vs-zram-when-to-use-what.html">zswap</a>. It is a compressed cache that sits between RAM and disk swap. When memory fills up, zswap compresses inactive pages instead of writing them immediately to disk. Compared to pure zram, zswap integrates better with existing disk swap and doesn’t break hibernation.</p>
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<p>On <a href="https://www.howtogeek.com/even-if-you-have-16gb-of-ram-this-one-compressed-swap-trick-makes-linux-significantly-smoother/">HowToGeek</a> there is a very clear explanation of why zswap helps even on systems with “enough” RAM.</p>
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<h2 id="solutions-applied">Solutions applied</h2>
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<h3 id="1-increased-swap-to-8gb">1. Increased swap to 8GB</h3>
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<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span class="line"><span class="cl">sudo swapoff -a
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</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">sudo rm /swap.img
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</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">sudo fallocate -l 8G /swap.img
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</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">sudo chmod <span class="m">600</span> /swap.img
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</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">sudo mkswap /swap.img
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</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">sudo swapon /swap.img
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</span></span></code></pre></div><h3 id="2-set-swappiness-to-10">2. Set swappiness to 10</h3>
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<p>This way, the kernel prefers using RAM and only uses swap when truly necessary:</p>
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<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="nb">echo</span> <span class="s2">"vm.swappiness=10"</span> <span class="p">|</span> sudo tee -a /etc/sysctl.conf
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</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">sudo sysctl -p
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</span></span></code></pre></div><h3 id="3-installed-and-configured-earlyoom">3. Installed and configured earlyoom</h3>
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<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span class="line"><span class="cl">sudo apt install -y earlyoom
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</span></span></code></pre></div><p>Then <code>/etc/default/earlyoom</code>:</p>
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<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="nv">EARLYOOM_ARGS</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"-m 5 -s 5 -k -n \
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</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="s2"> --prefer '(^|/)(firefox|chrome|chromium|electron|Isolated Web Co|Web Content)' \
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</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="s2"> --avoid '(^|/)(gnome-shell|Xorg|Xwayland|systemd|sshd|gnome-session|gdm|dbus-daemon)'"</span>
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</span></span></code></pre></div><p>This tells earlyoom to:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>Intervene when RAM or swap drops below 5%</li>
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<li>Prefer killing Firefox, Chrome, Electron (the main culprits)</li>
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<li>Protect gnome-shell, Xorg, and system processes</li>
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</ul>
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<h3 id="4-enabled-zswap">4. Enabled zswap</h3>
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<p>I modified <code>/etc/default/grub</code> adding these parameters to the kernel:</p>
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<pre tabindex="0"><code>zswap.enabled=1 zswap.compressor=zstd zswap.max_pool_percent=25 zswap.zpool=z3fold
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</code></pre><p>Then <code>sudo update-grub</code>.</p>
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<h2 id="how-my-system-is-configured-now">How my system is configured now</h2>
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<p><img alt="Draw" src="/posts/linux-out-of-memory/draw.png"></p>
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<h2 id="result">Result</h2>
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<p>Now if Firefox decides to eat 5GB of RAM for a runaway tab:</p>
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<ol>
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<li>zswap compresses inactive pages, gaining time</li>
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<li>If that’s not enough, disk swap absorbs the hit</li>
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<li>If still not enough, earlyoom kills Firefox BEFORE the system freezes</li>
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<li>No freezes</li>
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</ol>
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<p>I’ve finished configuring everything and I’m writing this post. I hope it’s useful to someone having the same problem.</p>
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<hr>
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<p><em>Configuration tested on Ubuntu 24.04.4 LTS (Noble Numbat) with 2 x 8 GB DRAM DDR4 at 3200 MHz. Links lead to the sources I used to understand the setup.</em></p>
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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<meta property="og:article:published_time" content=2026-02-26T21:52:11+0100 />
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<meta property="og:article:author" content="Vittorio Gioda" />
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<meta property="og:title" content="Writing posts" />
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<p>Writing is fun.
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Writing a blog is fun.</p>
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.post-meta span[itemprop=author]{border-color:#1b1d25}html.dark a{color:inherit;text-decoration-color:#4a4d56}html.dark a:hover{color:#77a8fd}html.dark a:focus{outline-color:rgba(44,118,246,.6)}html.dark li:before{color:#eaeaea}html.dark blockquote{color:#9b9ba3;border-color:#4a4d56}html.dark strong,html.dark b{color:#eaeaea}html.dark .navbar{border-color:#1b1d25}html.dark .navbar .menu a#mode .mode-sunny{display:block}html.dark .navbar .menu a#mode .mode-moon{display:none}html.dark .navbar .menu .menu-link{color:#eaeaea}@media screen and (max-width:768px){html.dark .navbar .menu{background-color:#131418;border-color:#1b1d25}html.dark .navbar .menu input[type=checkbox]:checked~.trigger{background:#131418}}html.dark .post-item:not(:first-child){border-color:#1b1d25}html.dark .post-item .post-item-date{color:#eaeaea}html.dark .post-item .post-item-title a{color:#babdc4}html.dark .post-item .post-item-title a:hover,html.dark .post-item .post-item-title afocus{color:#eaeaea}html.dark .post-nav{border-color:#1b1d25}html.dark .post-nav .post-nav-item{font-weight:700}html.dark .post-nav .post-nav-item .post-title{color:#eaeaea;opacity:.9}html.dark .post-nav .post-nav-item:hover .post-title,html.dark .post-nav .post-nav-item:focus .post-title{color:#5292ff}html.dark .post-nav .post-nav-item .nav-arrow{color:#767f87}@media screen and (max-width:768px){html.dark .post-nav .post-nav-item:nth-child(even){border-color:#1b1d25}}html.dark .footer span.footer_item{color:#eaeaea}html.dark .footer a.footer_item:not(:last-child){color:#eaeaea}html.dark .footer .footer_copyright{color:#767f87;opacity:1}html.dark .not-found .title{color:#eaeaea;text-shadow:1px 0 0 #77a8fd}html.dark .not-found .phrase{color:#babdc4}html.dark .not-found .solution{color:#77a8fd}html.dark .not-found .solution:hover{color:#5292ff}html.dark .search-article input[type=search]{color:#babdc4}html.dark .search-article input[type=search]::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:rgba(128,128,128,.8)}.list-page .post-year{padding-bottom:.5rem}.icon-star{color:orange;height:16px;margin-right:1rem;width:16px;display:block}.post-item-right{margin-left:auto;margin-right:0}html{scroll-behavior:smooth}#totop{visibility:hidden;color:#434648;position:fixed;bottom:60px;right:30px;z-index:1;border-radius:10%;background-color:#dfe0e397;transition:visibility .5s,opacity .8s linear}#totop:hover{background-color:#dfe0e3}#totop svg{margin:auto;display:block;height:40px;width:40px}
+1
themes/hugo-blog-awesome/assets/sass/_base.scss
+1
themes/hugo-blog-awesome/assets/sass/_base.scss
+10
-10
themes/hugo-blog-awesome/exampleSite/hugo.toml
+10
-10
themes/hugo-blog-awesome/exampleSite/hugo.toml
···
5
5
languageCode = 'en-us'
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# This defines how dates are formatted
8
-
defaultContentLanguage = "en-gb"
8
+
defaultContentLanguage = "en-us"
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# Enable emojis globally
11
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enableEmoji = true
···
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ordered = false # generates <ul> instead of <ol>
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############################## English language ################################
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-
[Languages.en-gb]
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+
[Languages.en-us]
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languageName = "English"
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-
languageCode = "en-gb"
53
+
languageCode = "en-us"
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contentDir = "content/en"
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weight = 1
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-
[Languages.en-gb.menu]
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-
[[Languages.en-gb.menu.main]]
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+
[Languages.en-us.menu]
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+
[[Languages.en-us.menu.main]]
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# The page reference (pageRef) is useful for menu highlighting
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# When pageRef is set, setting `url` is optional; it will be used as a fallback if the page is not found.
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pageRef="/"
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name = 'Home'
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url = '/'
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weight = 10
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[[Languages.en-gb.menu.main]]
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+
[[Languages.en-us.menu.main]]
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pageRef="posts"
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name = 'Posts'
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url = '/posts/'
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weight = 20
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-
[[Languages.en-gb.menu.main]]
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+
[[Languages.en-us.menu.main]]
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pageRef="about"
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name = 'About'
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url = '/about/'
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weight = 30
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-
[Languages.en-gb.params]
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[Languages.en-us.params]
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sitename = "Awesome hugo blog"
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defaultColor = "dark" # set color mode: dark, light, auto
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# Setting it to 'auto' applies the color scheme based on the visitor's device color preference.If you don't specify anything, ignore this parameter, or leave it blank,
···
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# full - includes full blog post in the RSS feed. Generated using Hugo .Content .
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# By default (or if nothing is specified), summary is used.
98
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-
[Languages.en-gb.params.author]
99
+
[Languages.en-us.params.author]
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avatar = "avatar.jpg" # put the file in assets folder; also ensure that image has same height and width
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# Note: image is not rendered if the resource(avatar image) is not found. No error is displayed.
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intro = "Awesome hugo blog"
···
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description = "A fast, minimalistic Hugo theme with light and dark mode support, for running a personal site or blog."
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# Allow to override webmanifest options
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[Languages.en-gb.params.webmanifest]
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+
[Languages.en-us.params.webmanifest]
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name = "sitename" # will use "params.sitename" or "title" by default
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short_name = "sitename" # same as name
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start_url = "/" # will use homepage url by default